COMPSCI 1100 LECTURE (1st sem, 1st term)

UNIT 1: INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY CONCEPTS AND MANAGEMENT

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Collects data, process data into information then converts information into knowledge for a specific purpose

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

TPS's predominant function is to record data collected at the boundaries of organizations, in other words, at the point where the organization transacts business with other parties. (ATM, POS, etc..)

Transaction Processing Systems

Information systems for planning, control, decision-making, and problem-solving.

Management Information Systems

Reports or the output part of MIS.

On-demand Output

It takes the optimal course of action, and gathers detailed data and information to help middle/senior
managers make decisions.

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS/DSS)

To help high-ranking officers/executives direct an organization to focus on a long-range strategic plan.

Executive Information Systems/Executive Support System (EIS/ESS)

Incorporation of human expertise into a computer system that emulates our decision-making. - AI

Expert Systems

A database that contains data about part of a city, a country, a state, or even the entire world. (Google Maps, Waze, and other uses especially for agriculture)

Geographic Information System

In _____ information systems help focus on recording and reporting financial changes and
state, that the purpose of financial systems is to facilitate financial planning and business transactions.

Accounting

- information systems help organize budgets, manage cash flow,
analyze investments, and make decisions that could reduce interest payments and increase revenues from financial transactions.

Finance

- ______ purpose is to pinpoint the people what they’re most likely to purchase or what the organization sells and to promote the appropriate products and services to those people. Also, The system identifies trends in the demand for the company’s products and services

Marketing

- _____ management systems maintain such records, including employees’ pictures, employee status and tax information, and other data that other systems such as payroll may use.

Human Resources

- ______ purpose is to control the inventory in paying suppliers, process customer orders, production schedules, quality assurance, and shipping products.

Manufacturing

Computing paradigms, which are the core of the architecture

It is the process of developing methodical information technology specifications, models, and guidelines using a variety of Information Technology notation processes.

INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

Refer to those applications or services that are resident on a server that is
accessible using a Web browser. The only client-side software needed to
access and execute these applications is a Web browser environment.

WEB-BASED IT ARCHITECTURES

UNIT 2.1: Computer History

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known to be the earliest device for computation

consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove

Sand Tables

derived from the Arabic word ‘abaq’ which means ‘dust’

consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two parts: upper part and lower part

Abacus

a small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication table was engraved

enabled to perform multiplication and division

Napier Bones

jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred

based on the principle that actual distances from the starting point of the rule is directly proportional to the logarithm of numbers printed on the rule

Slide Ruler

He invented the first mechanical adding machine called Pascaline (1642

Blaise Pascal

He improved Pascal’s machine

Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

He invented a loom that used punch cards to control patterns into woven cloth (1801)

Joseph Marie Jacquard

Father of Modern Computer

Difference Engine: used to computer table of numbers using naval navigation and can only add & subtract

Analytical Engine: general purpose machine

Charles Babbage

Invented one of the first commercial machines which used a punch card to tabulate and process the data collected

Herman Hollerith

He led the designing of MARK I (1937); improved Babbage’s machine; His machine was considered the first electronic
machine using thousands of relays.

Howard Aiken

First electronic computing machine, which introduced the idea of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic circuits

AB Computer (Atasoft Berry Computer)

World’s first electronic digital computer used to decode intercepted message

Colossus

Developed a concept of storing a program in memory.

John von Neumann machine

Developed for calculating artillery firing tables

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

First electronic computer to use stored program concept

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

Machine to run the first successful program

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

First commercially available computer

First general-purpose computer which was designed to handle both numeric and textual information

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

Was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic or assembly language which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words

One of the major developments in this generation includes the progress of machine language to assembly language.

Transistor

Was the hallmark of the third generation of computers

The technology allowed dozens of transistors to be mounted on a single chip together with other electronic components.

This generation started using semiconductor memories, microprocessors, and multiprogramming.

Another development was the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitors and coordinates the computer’s memory

Integrated Circuits

Family of computers and their peripherals which are mutually compatible and all worked together

IBM System/360 series

Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
The first commercially successful minicomputer

PDP 8

Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick

Microprocessor

Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick

Microprocessor

Approximately 180 transistors

Large Scale Integration (LSI)

Approximately 275,000 transistors

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

Developed by MITS (Mirco Instrumentation Telemetry Systems)
One of the first microcomputers

Altair 8800 (1975)

One of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products
Designed by Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer

Apple II

A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research

CRAY I

‘Lisa’ stood for ‘Local Integrated Software Architecture

First commercial personal computer to use graphical user interface with 1MB RAM, 12-inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼ floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used Motorola 680000 microprocessor

Apple Lisa (1983)

Computers will use Super Large-Scale Integrated chips

Mega Chips

Computers will use multiple processors and perform parallel processing thereby accessing several instructions at one time and working at the same time

Parallel Processing

A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking, reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

UNIT 2.2: Computer System and
its Components

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- defined as general purpose information processing machine
used to troubleshoot various problems related to data processing
allows users to input, manipulate and store data
a basic, complete and functional computer

Computer System

Computer System Components
Two main components:

Hardware - tangible parts
Software – intangible parts: data and programs

physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and electronic circuit

Computer Hardware -

defined as the major component of a computer
also known as the ‘processor’ or the “electronic brain” of the computer
consist of the electronic circuits which are necessary to perform a variety of operations on the data

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Several major units of a computer hardware

– Central Processing Unit (CPU)

– Main Memory (RAM)

– Secondary Memory (HDD/SSD)

– Peripherals (I/O devices)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Major components:

Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Registers

where data and numerous programs are currently being executed by the CPU are stored

Main Memory (RAM)

provides stable storage for both programs and data in a longer period of time

often referred to as the disk

Secondary Memory

also known as mass storage devices because of their capacity to store relatively large amounts of data and many programs.

Disk drives

used in getting and displaying information

Input/Output Devices

EXAMPLE OF AN INPUT DEVICES

Keyboards

Pointing Devices

Sensors

Card Readers

Remote Control

EXAMPLE OF AN OUTPUT DEVICES

Printings/Plotters

Monitors

Basic Computer Hardware Operations

Input unit

Storage unit

Processing unit

Output unit

inputs the data and programs for computer processing

Input unit

stores the input data and programs

Storage unit –

conducts calculations on the input data and controls input unit, storage unit, and output unit

Processing unit –

output the result of computer processing in a certain format

Output unit –

set of computer programs and algorithms that tells the
computer what to do and how to do it.

Computer Software –

Three categories of Computer Software:

System Software

Programming Software

Application Software