School Psych Praxis Quizlet import

What are the two domains that underlie the entire practice of school psychology according to NASP?

Data-Based Decision-Making and Consultation and Collaboration.

What percentage of the Praxis test questions come from the category of Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery?

Approximately 32%.

What is the primary focus of Data-Based Decision-Making in school psychology?

Decisions for students and schools are based on data.

List the three main areas for which Data-Based Decision-Making is used according to the 2020 Practice Model.

1. To understand student need and select evidence-based interventions. 2. For special education eligibility and individual service plans. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of school-based interventions.

What is the first step in the problem-solving framework used in data-based decision-making?

To identify the problem and collect needed data.

What is the purpose of universal screening in schools?

To systematically determine the needs of students across academic, behavioral, social, or emotional indicators.

What are the two purposes of a screener in universal screening?

1. To determine if modifications are needed at the universal level in the core curriculum. 2. To guide decisions about additional or intensive instruction for specific students.

What is the second step in the problem-solving model?

To plan and implement interventions based on the data.

How should data be monitored according to the problem-solving framework?

By monitoring fidelity of intervention through data collection.

What should be done if ongoing data collection indicates the need for change?

Adjust levels of intervention based on ongoing data collection.

What is the final step in the problem-solving model?

To determine overall effectiveness of the intervention on positive student outcomes.

What should school psychologists avoid when making decisions based on data?

Making unilateral decisions or basing decisions on one piece of information.

What is the broad purpose of universal screening?

To help determine whether modifications are needed at the universal level in the core curriculum, instruction, or general education environment.

What is the narrow purpose of universal screening?

To guide decisions about additional or intensive instruction for specific students who may require more support.

What should students be familiar with when applying the problem-solving framework?

The steps needed for problem-solving and the ability to apply appropriate data to various situations.

What should be considered when answering questions related to data collection?

Ensure that the data being collected is integral to the situation being assessed.

What is emphasized as integral to all remaining domains in school psychology?

Data-Based Decision-Making and Consultation and Collaboration.

What should students do when presented with case examples in questions?

Apply the frameworks of Data-Based Decision-Making and Consultation and Collaboration.

What does the problem-solving framework organize?

The approach to data and decision-making.

What is the purpose of the chapter on Practices That Permeate All Aspects of Service Delivery?

To provide a strategy to streamline preparation for the Praxis test.

What is a key aspect of the problem-solving framework applicable to different levels?

It is applied in the same sequence regardless of the level: student, program, and school or system-wide.

What should be done after implementing interventions according to the problem-solving model?

Monitor fidelity of intervention through data collection.

What is the significance of the problem-solving framework in school psychology?

It provides a structured approach to making informed decisions based on data.

What are social determinants of mental health?

Circumstances in which people live and work that shape mental health status and access to learning and mental health services.

What are three essential social determinants of mental health?

Freedom from discrimination and violence, social inclusion, and access to economic resources.

Why should social determinants of mental health be considered before screening for mental health issues?

Screeners can be biased for certain populations, and results should be triangulated with other evidence for data-based decisions.

What is the least dangerous assumption in the context of screening for mental health?

It is better to err on the side of false positives to provide additional support rather than deny support due to a false negative.

What are Curriculum-Based Measurements (CBMs)?

Reliable universal screening tools that must align with local norms, benchmarks, and standards.

Give an example of a Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM).

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS).

What types of skills do fluency-based indicators of skills measure?

Initial-sound fluency, letter-naming fluency, phoneme segmentation, nonsense-word fluency, and oral-reading fluency.

What is the Cognitive Abilities Test?

A cognitive measure that is group administered and can be used as a screener.

What is the purpose of formal group-administered tests used by state educational agencies?

To monitor student growth in reading, writing, and math.

What is the System to Enhance Educational Performance?

A program that conducts Curriculum-Based Measurements several times a year to identify students needing additional support.

What does the Signs of Suicide Program do?

It quickly identifies students who may need immediate mental health intervention.

What is the Response-to-Intervention (RTI) process?

A model implemented when data indicates a student is struggling academically or behaviorally.

How does data-based decision making impact student growth?

Students whose teachers use data-based decisions achieve more growth than those whose teachers do not.

What role do students play in the RTI process?

Students should be involved to the extent possible, enhancing engagement and problem-solving.

What is the first step when a student is identified as needing support?

Collect baseline performance data on the student's specific area of concern.

What should an intervention plan in the RTI model include?

Who will implement the intervention, the duration, and the frequency of data collection for monitoring progress.

What should a plan for intervention include?

The plan should include who will implement the intervention, the length of time for the intervention, and the data to be gathered at what frequency to monitor student progress.

What is an aim line in the context of RTI?

An aim line is based on the goal for the student, indicating expected progress based on local norms, benchmarks, or classroom-comparison norms.

What does it mean to employ an intervention with fidelity?

It means to implement the research-based intervention consistently and as intended.

What is the purpose of administering systematic probes in RTI?

To measure the student's ongoing progress toward the aim line.

What happens after several probes have been recorded in the RTI process?

The RTI team reconvenes to analyze whether the student has met the expected level of performance after interventions.

What is the expected response of the majority of students to a new intervention?

Students should respond in age-expected ways, making progress and closing the gap between baseline data and the aim line.

What should be done if a student does not show growth after 3 to 6 weeks of intervention?

The intervention should be adjusted, a new intervention formulated based on tracked data, or a special education evaluation considered.

What is the role of progress monitoring in the RTI process?

Progress monitoring is an assessment that evaluates student progress regularly and provides useful information to both the student and the teacher.

How can progress monitoring be conducted in general education classrooms?

It can be used to observe which students may need additional support or advancement.

What types of progress can be monitored through RTI?

Academic, social, emotional, and behavioral progress.

What are formative assessments in the context of progress monitoring?

Formative assessments, or mastery measurements (MMs), assess whether a student has mastered a specific target skill being taught.

What is the purpose of task analysis in formative assessments?

To determine the subskills needed for the target behavior or to master the task when a student struggles.

What do summative assessments measure in the RTI process?

Summative assessments, or general outcome measurements (GOMs), determine whether a student is making progress toward curricular or behavioral goals.

How frequently are summative assessments typically given?

Summative assessments are generally not given as frequently as formative assessments.

What is baseline data in the context of progress monitoring?

Baseline data establishes the current level, trend, and variability of behavior before an intervention.

How many data points are recommended to establish a baseline?

A minimum of three to five data points is recommended.

What does the term 'level' refer to in progress monitoring?

Level refers to a student's average performance in comparison to peers or a benchmark level.

What does 'trend' indicate in the context of student performance?

Trend refers to a student's performance over time, which can be plotted on a graph for visual analysis.

What is the significance of plotting trend lines in progress monitoring?

Trend lines provide a visual representation of a student's performance over time, which can reveal patterns in progress.

What is the goal of using formative assessments in RTI?

To adjust interventions or lessons to maximize student learning based on their progress.

What is the difference between formative and summative assessments?

Formative assessments measure mastery of specific skills, while summative assessments evaluate overall progress toward broader goals.

What is the expected outcome of effective progress monitoring?

To provide continual feedback on student progress and inform instructional decisions.

How does progress monitoring support individual education plans (IEPs)?

It is prescribed to monitor progress on individual student goals outlined in IEPs.

What does variability refer to in the context of a child's performance?

The degree of consistency in a child's performance.

What is the aim line in educational trend analysis?

The trend line that connects the child's current scores to the goal they should reach by a certain point in time.

What does the aim line help determine?

Whether the student's growth is on track or if adjustments are needed.

What types of data are typically recorded on the horizontal axis of a graph in educational assessments?

Frequency data, percentage correct, or number of opportunities to respond.

What should be monitored in the data collected from educational assessments?

Level, trend, and variability in comparison to both self and peers.

What is a confounding variable in the context of educational data?

An unexpected variable that impacts the results, such as a child starting tutoring sessions.

What is a measurement error in educational data collection?

An error that occurs when the data-collection method is unclear or faulty.

When should an intervention be reconsidered based on data points?

When two or three data points fall below the aim line or when the slope of the trend line is less than the aim line.

What indicates that an intervention may need to be changed?

No correct responses for three to four sessions or highly variable data.

What should be considered if the percentage of correct responses is less than 85%?

Modifications to instruction, such as better prompts or additional modeling.

What should be done if a student's performance is accurate but slow?

Implement repeated practice and systematic contingencies to address motivation.

What role do school psychologists play in developing individual service plans?

They collaborate with interdisciplinary teams to assess student needs and provide pertinent information.

What percentage of a school psychologist's time is estimated to be spent on assessing and serving students with special needs?

60%.

What typically initiates a special services evaluation?

The RTI process being implemented with fidelity and continued need for additional support.

What is the focus of data collection during a special services evaluation?

The referral question, the specific area of difficulty, and contributing factors.

What is the purpose of effective data-tracking programs in education?

To record and analyze a student's historical test results in specific academic areas.

What may need to be changed in an intervention?

Frequency, intensity, length, time of day, or the person implementing the intervention.

What are extraneous factors that may affect data variability?

Difficulty of probes, different examiners, student noncompliance, or insufficient reinforcement.

What should be done if data points are taken during a distracting event, like Halloween?

Consider the impact of such extraneous factors on the data.

What is the significance of the start of an intervention on a trend line?

It indicates when the intervention began and allows for tracking progress.

What is the goal of curriculum-based assessment and measurement?

To evaluate student performance in specific academic areas.

What is the role of informed consent in the evaluation process?

Parents must give consent before data collection begins for evaluations.

What are the major domains included in a comprehensive special education evaluation?

Cognitive, achievement, communication, motor skills, adaptive skills, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and sensory processing.

What is one responsibility of the school psychologist in the evaluation process?

To choose appropriate assessments and tests to understand the student and suspected disability.

What does triangulating information in an evaluation mean?

Using three sources of information to support a conclusion.

What types of data should be collected during background data collection?

Student files and records, review of previous interventions, developmental history, and medical records.

What is the purpose of the RTI process in data collection?

To provide important data focused on the referral question and specific areas of difficulty.

What are structured interviews in the context of special education evaluations?

Standardized and formal interviews where the same questions are given to each child.

What are the advantages of structured interviews?

High validity and reliability; responses can be directly compared with other children.

What is a limitation of structured interviews?

The interviewer cannot modify questions to suit the interviewee's needs.

What characterizes unstructured interviews?

They are conversational and allow for flexibility in exploring the interviewee's responses.

What is an advantage of unstructured interviews?

They can be adapted to the needs of the interviewee and allow exploration of unexpected areas.

What is a limitation of unstructured interviews?

Responses can be difficult to interpret and cannot be compared with norms.

What are semi-structured interviews?

Interviews that combine features of both structured and unstructured interviews, allowing for flexibility.

What are observational techniques used for in special education evaluations?

To observe and record behavior in a natural setting.

What is whole-interval recording?

Recording behavior only when it occurs during the entire time interval.

What does frequency or event recording measure?

The number of behaviors that occurred during a specific period.

What is duration recording?

The length of time a specific behavior lasts.