1: The diversity of living organisms

what are monomers

theyre the smaller units which may be joined together to form polymers

what is polymerisation

the reaction used to convert monomers into polymers

what is the basic monomer unit

sugar/ saccharide

what is a single monomer unit called

monosaccharide

what is a pair of monosaccharides called

disaccharides

what is multiple monosaccharides called

polysaccharides

how does the condensation reaction occur

• when 2 or more molecules form bonds to make a larger polymer

• there is a release of a water molecule between the bonds

how does the hydrolysis reaction occur

• when larger polymers break bonds to form a smaller sub-unit monomer

• a water molecule is used to seal the bond

what is an isomer

same molecular formula but different structure

whats the difference between alpha and beta glucose

in alpha glucose the OH is below hydrogen whereas in beta its above the hydrogen

what is fructose

1. common and soluble monosaccharide

2. its the main sugar in fruits and nectar

how is maltose formed

2 alpha glucose

how is sucrose formed

alpha glucose + fructose

how are disaccharides formed

1. 2 monosaccharide molecules join together with a glycosidic bond

2. a glycosidic bond forms between a hydroxyl group on one monosaccharide with another

3. in maltose, sucrose, and lactose the bond is formed between carbon 1 and carbon 4 forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds

what does the formation of glycosidic bonds produce

water (condensation reaction)

how can glycosidic bonds be broken down

through the addition of water in a hydrolysis reaction