100 biology flashbacks

Which molecule provides energy for cells?

ATP

What is the word equation for respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen \= Carbon dioxide + Water

Why do cells need to respire?

To release energy from food

What is anaerobic respiration?

Respiration without oxygen

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

Glucose -\> Lactic acid

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

Glucose -\> Carbon dioxide +

Ethanol

What form of energy do respiring seeds release?

Heat energy

What gas can we measure to estimate the rate of reaction?

Carbon dioxide

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

Limewater goes cloudy

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + Water \= Glucose + Oxygen

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

which cells carry out the most phototsynthesis

palisade mesophyll

which ion is needed for plant growth

nitrate ions

which ion is needed to make chlorophyll

magnesium ions

what energy conversion happens in photosynthesis

light energy to chemical energy

where in the plant does photosynthesis take place

the leaf

what effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of photosynthesis

increases it until the enzymes are denatured

what effect does increasing carbon dioxide concentration have on photosynthesis

increases it until something else becomes a limiting factor

why do we heat a leaf in ethanol when testing for starch

to remove chlorophyll

what does the diaphragm do when inhaling

contracts and flattens

what does the diaphragm do when exhaling

relaxes and regains dome shape

what do the intercostal muscles do when inhaling

contract and raise the ribcage

what do the intercostal muscles do when exhaling

relax so the ribcage drops

what happens to the thorax volume when inhaling

increases

what happens to the thorax volume when exhaling

decreases

why does the air move in when inhaling

pressure is higher outside the lungs

why does the air move out when exhaling

pressure is higher inside the lungs

why are alveoli the shape they are

higher surface area for diffusion

why do alveoli have a high blood supply

maintains concentration gradient for diffusion

why do alveoli have a wall that is one cell thick

shorter distance for diffusion

why is carbon monoxide a problem

reduces bloods capacity to carry oxygen

which substance in cigarette smoke coats cilia

tar

how does smoking affect alveoli

reduces surface area

how does surface area to volume ratio change as organisms get bigger

it gets smaller

why dont small organisms need a transport system

they can rely on diffusion for transport

what does the phloem transport

sucrose and amino acids

what does the xylem transport

water and mineral ions

which part of the blood carries oxygen

red blood cells

which part of the blood is involved in clotting

platelets

which part of the blood is part of the immune system

which blood cells

which part of the blood carries urea

plasma

why do red blood cells need haemoglobin

to carry oxygen

what is the job of a phagocyte

to englulf and destroy pathogens

what is the job of a lymphocyte

to release antibodies

how do antibodies recognise pathogens

they are complementary to specific antigens

how do antibodies help phagocytes

by clumping and labelling pathogens

what are the four chambers of the heart called

atria and ventricles

where does the pulmonary artery go

from the right ventricle to the lungs

where does the aorta go

from the left ventricle to the body

why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right

it needs to pump blood further

what factors can increase the risk of coronary heart disease

obesity, high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol in diet

why do arteries need a thick wall

to withstand high pressure

why do veins need valves

to prevent backflow of blood

why do capillaries have a wall that is one cell thick

for a shorter diffusion distance

which blood vessel leaves the kidney

renal vein

which blood vessel goes into the liver

hepatic artery

why does heart rate increase during exercise

so the cells get more ocygen

what are two examples of factors controlled by homeostasis

body temperature and body water content

what is an external factor that caused a response called

stimulus

what detects a stimulus

receptor

what causes a reaction to a stimulus

receptor

what are the two types of effector

gland or muscle

what is the reaction of roots to gravity called

positive geotropism

what plant chemical causes trophic responses

auxin

which communication system allows fast responses

nervous

which communication system is longer lasting

hormonal

what is the central nervous system composed of

the brain and spinal cord

what kind of message travels along a nerve

electrical impulses

what is the gap between neurones called

synapse

how do messages travel across the gap between neurones

neurotransmitters

which neurone sends messages from a receptor to the CNS

sensory

which neurone sends messages from the CNS to a receptor

motor

what happens to the circular muscles in bright light

contract

what shape is the lens when focusing on a far away object

thinner

which muscles contract when focusing on a near object

ciliary muscles

what is the reaction of shoots to light called

positive phototropism

what is the approximate core body temperature in humans

37 degrees C

how do humans use evaporation for cooling

sweating

why do hairs stand up when humans are cold

to trap an insulating layer of air

what process diverts blood from the skin surface

vasoconstriction

what process diverts blood to the skin surface

vasodilation

what produces sweat

sweat glands

what is sweat composed of

water and mineral ions

which part of a flower develops into a fruit

ovary

which part of a flower develops into a seed

ovule

how does plant artificial asexual reproduction occur

taking cuttings

how do strawberry plants asexually reproduce

runners

which type of reproduction leads to genetic variation

sexual

which hormone maintains the uterus lining

progesterone

what is the term for a fertilised egg

zygote

where does pollen land

stigma

where is pollen produced

anther

what three things are needed for seed germination

water, oxygen, warmth

what is the role of amniotic fluid

to protect the developing mebryo

what is the male sex hormone called

testosterone

where are sperm produced

testes

where does fertilisation occur in humans

oviduct

where does an embryo implant and grow

uterus

which letter in CORMS is the independent variable

C - change