Advanced Biology: Animal Form

Tissue

A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform common functions

Nervous Tissue location

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Epithelial tissue location

outer covering of hollow organs (skins and glands)

Muscle tissue location/types

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

connective tissue location

fat (and other soft padding tissue), bones, tendon, blood, cartilage

What tissue type covers all body surfaces inside and out

Epithelial

What is the main glandular tissue

epithelial

what is attached to underlying connective tissue at the basement membrane

epithelial

what tissue type usually has no vascular tissue and no blood supply

epithelial

Why do epithelial cells reproduce rapidly and what does it cause

they reproduce rapidly to heal minor injury like a cut or scrape but can sometimes cause scarring

are epithelial cells packed tightly together

yes

what forms as the dermis pulls away from the epidermis

blistes

collagen and elastin are found in

connective tissue

why do wrinkles form as we get older

loss of elastin and collagen in the skin

Functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and senses

Simple squamous

single-layered flat cells

Stratified squamous

multi-layered flat cells

simple cuboidal

single-layered, cube shaped cells

stratified cuboidal

multi-layered, cube shaped cells

simple columnar

single-layered column shaped cells

stratified columnar

multi-layered, column shaped cells

more cell layers=

increase of strength, decreased speed

less cell layers=

increase of speed, decrease of strength

Pseudostratified

false stratification, nuclei appear to be stretched and scattered but they are truly single layered

Functions of pseudostratified columnar

secretion and cilia aided movement

Transitional epithelium

stretchable, bloods diffusion (no leaking), found in the urinary bladdar

Exocrine

secretes substances that are outside of the body; sweat and saliva

Endocrine

secretes substances inside of the body; hormones

glandular epithelium

specialized to secrete substances and make up glands

what is the most abundant tissue type

connective tissue

what tissue type provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, and fights infection

Connective tissue

what tissue is composed of more scattered cells in the matrix

connective tissue

What are the three types of cells in connective tissue

mast cells, macrophages, fibroblasts

function of mast cells

prevent clots

functions of macrophages

consumers

fibroblasts

produce fibers

what fibers make up bones, ligaments, and tendons

collagenous fibers

what fibers make up ears and vocal cords

elastic fibers

categories of connective tissues

fibrous, loose, blood, bone, cartilage, adipose

function of red blood cells

carries oxygen

function of white blood cells

defense and immunity

function of plasma

the liquid portion of blood, carries waste

function of platelets

clotting

is fibrous connective tissue dense or thin

dense

Why is fibrous connective tissue dense

because the matrix doesn’t have a lot of space

cartilage is

chondrocytes, dense connective tissue

hyaline cartilage is

elastic, fibrocartilage

function of osseous (bone tissue)

gives structure, provides white blood cells

what type of tissue has involuntary control (GI tract), is non-strirated

smooth muscle tissue

what muscle tissue has involuntary control (heart), is striated

Cardiac muscle tissue

what muscle tissue have voluntary control and is striated

skeletal muscle tissue

What type of movement does cardiac muscle have

360 degree contraction

what type of movement does skeletal muscle have

1 directional

what type of movement does smooth muscle have

peristalsis (wave) movement

functions if neurons

transmits signals

function of axon

carries impulses

function of dendrite

recieves impulse

function of neuroglia

support cells

Anatomy

an organism’s biological form

Physiology

an organism’s biological function

interstitial fluid

the substance in between individual vertebre and cells

vasoconstriction

bloodflow decreases, maintaining heat

vasodialation

bloodflow increases, releasing heat

Thermogenesis

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature → movement and shivering

non-shivering thermogenesis

horomones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity

Hypothalamus

region of the brain that controls thermoregulation

Bioenergetics

flow and transportation of energy

metabolic rate

amount of energy over time; metabolism

Biosynthesis

body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material (fat), and production of gametes

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

endotherm metabolic rate at a comfortable temp

Standard Metabolism Rate (SMR)

ectotherm metabolic rate and specific temperatures

Torpor (involuntary)

physiological state in which activity is law and metabolism decreases

Hibernation (voluntary)

long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity