Biomechanics final study guide

Types of Joints

Synarthrosis (Fibrous)

Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous)

Diathrosis (Synovial)

Synarthrosis (Fibrous) joints

Skull, tibiofibular joint, teeth insertion to mandible

Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous)

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Diathrosis (Synovial)

Elbow, hip, shoulder

Anatomical position

To stand up straight with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

The types of planes

sagittal, coronal, transverse

Be able to identify and describe all the different types of body movements

1. Flexion and Extension

2. Abduction And Adduction

3. Circumduction

4. Rotation

5. Supination and Pronation

6. Dorsiflexion and Plantar

Flexion

7. Inversion and Eversion

8. Ulnar and Radial

Deviation

9. Internal and External

Rotation

10. Opposition and reposition

Label and give examples of the classes of synovial joints

1. Ball-and-socket joint- shoulder joint

2. Pivot joint- jaw

3. Hinge joint- elbow and knee joint

4. Condyloid joint- radiocarpal joints in the wrist

5. Saddle joint- sternoclavicular joint

6. Plane joint- carpal bones of wrist

Know the three different types of muscle

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones. Responsible more posture, movement, and temperature regulation

Difference between Muscles, tendons, and ligaments

muscles create movement, tendons connect muscles to bones, and ligaments connect bones to other bones

The importance of surface anatomy

It helps to locate & identify the affected structure/region in

disease process

dynamometry

Measurement of power/grip strength

pinch strength

Force exerted by fingers during pinching.

Benefit of joint measurement

Establishes an objective baseline, tracks rehabilitation progress

Three types of range of motion

active, active assistive, passive

Active range of motion

Range of motion exercises completed by the patient without assistance

Active assistive range of motion

Exercises done by the client with some help from the caregiver

Passive range of motion

movement that is performed completely by the examiner

The three classifications of ROM

Within normal limits, within functional limits, impaired

Understand the steps when evaluating ROM and when to document your findings

Screen for Safety and Consent, Establish the Standardized Testing Position, Stabilize the Proximal Joint Segment, Perform a Visual Screen of Active Motion, Estimate Passive Mobility and End Feel, Identify Bony Landmarks, Align the Goniometer Arms, Record and Average the Readings

Document during initial evaluations, reassessments, before discharge

Know the components that can affect ROM

● Sex

● Age

● Shape of the bone and cartilage

● Muscle power and tone

● Muscle bulk

● Ligaments and joint capsule laxity

● Extensibility of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (ie. Burns

can effect ROM)

● Pain

How to document ROM

To note degree, use the letter "d" (60d vs. 60° ) as

degree symbol (°) may be seen by some as a zero (0)

and therefore misinterpreted

Don't use a negative sign in documentation (instead

of -10d, write "lacks 10d)

Actions, Origins and Insertions

Action- What the muscle does

Origin- Where the muscle starts

Insertion- Where the muscle ends

How we evaluate strength in OT with MMT

Use resistance to determine strength (gravity, manual)

MMT Sequence

Explain procedures to client

start with strength screening (after ROM)

Client should be seated, with support as needed

Apply resistance in mid-position whenever possible

MMT Grading scale

• 5 = full resistance against gravity

• 4 = moderate resistance against gravity

• 3+ = minimal or slight resistance against gravity

• 3 = full AROM against gravity, no resistance

• 3- = more than 50% AROM against gravity, no resistance

• 2+ = full AROM in gravity-minimized position, SLIGHT RESISTANCE

• 2 = full AROM in gravity-minimized position, no resistance

• 2- = partial AROM in gravity-minimized position

• 1 = no AROM in gravity-minimized position but can palpate contraction

• 0 = no movement or muscle contraction in gravity-minimized position

Contraindications for break testing

only used if the client has full range of

motion against gravity, must be avoided when a maximum isometric muscle contraction could worsen an injury, tear healing tissues, or cause unsafe cardiovascular strain

Basics of Motor Development through the lifespan

a. Domains-intellectual and mental processes involved in movement

b. Phases- Reflexive Movement Phase, Rudimentary Movement Phase, Fundamental Movement Phase, Specialized Movement Phase

c. Terms- Cephalocaudal, Proximodistal