Latin America Revolutions - World history 2

The Spanish Colonial Social Structure

peninsulares --> creoles --> mestizos --> Mulattoes --> native americans --> african slaves

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Often called "George Washington Of America", helped Jose de Martin defeating the Spanish

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru, wanted to drive forces out of Spain

How did Mexico become independent from Spain?

Mexico Creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish controlled colony. So the united in support of Mexico's independence from Spain.

Countries that makes up the United Provinces of Central America

-Guatemala
-Honduras
-El salvador
-Nicaragua
-Costa Rica

What is a bloodless revolution?

No violence was present in the independence movement; only signatures

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A former slave that led a slave revolt in Haiti that eventually won independence for Haiti, took over the Revolution after Bookman's

What is the Island of Hispaniola

An island in the Caribbean Sea that is divided into two countries.

French Army

was led by Charles-Emmanuel Leclerc,

What did the enlightenment influence

Revolutions around the world, written constitutions, and new ideas around the world.

Who was Napoleon's brother, why was he in Spain, and how did he get there?

Napoleon's brother was Joseph, and he was in Spain because he was put as king by his brother because Napoleon removed Spains original king.

Why did the Creoles begin the fight for the revolution, even though they were a higher class?

The Creoles recalled John Lockes idea about the consent of the governed, argued that when their king was removed, the power would go to the people

Bernardo O'Higgins

The chief revolutionary leader of Chilean independence. Established as a supreme dictator, his father was a diplomat, he helped San Martin free Chile

Guayaquil

Where San Martin & Bolivar met to discuss how to defeat the Spanish in 1822, Both needed way more power to defeat the Spanish, San Martin left his army to Bolivar to command, both army's defeated the Spanish at the battle of ayacucho

Battle of Ayacucho

Major battle of the war for independence

Countries that make up the Gran Colombia

-Venezuela
-Colombia
-Panama
-Ecuador

Father (Padre) Miguel Hidalgo

A priest in a small village (Dolores), A creole, Educated, poor by choice, first step in Mexico's independence

Grito de Delores

A call for a rebellion when a bell was striked, Cry of Delores

Jose Maria Morelos

Took after Father Miguel Hidalgo when he died, led the revolution for 4 years

Agustin Iturbide

Killed Jose Maria Morelos, takes over Spain, doesn't want to loose land & his life, wants independence for Mexico

How did Central America become independent from Mexico?

Wanted to be free from Spain & Mexico, iturbide said "No". Central America states over threw him and declared their independence.

King John

Fled to Brazil along with his 9 year old son, wanted to make Brazil a colon again, came back to Portugal when Napoleon died, father of Dom Pedro

Dom Pedro

Son of King John VI, gave Brazilians freedom, ruled Brazil

How did Brazil become independent

Dom Pedro stayed behind in Brazil instead of returning to Portugal like his dad did. The people of Brazil did not want to become colonial status again, 8,000 people signed a petition for Dom Pedro to rule them.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

-Toussaint's general.
-Took up the fight.
-Jan 1, 1804 - declared an independent country.
-First black colony to free itself from European control.
-He called it Haiti, "mountainous land," in the language of the - -native Arawak inhabitants.
-Became first emperor of Haiti; later assassinated in a revolt.
-1820: Haiti became an independent republic

What does Haiti mean?

Land of the mountains

What is Haiti's native language

French & Haitian Creole