kin 217 - glycolysis chapter 16

formaldehyde

what can glucose be generated from under probiotic conditions and was available before life

2, 2

1 glucose makes ______ pyruvate and ____ ATP each

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur

investment stage

what is the first stage of glycolysis known as

splitting glucose into 3 C compounds

the investment stage traps glucose into the cell by

yield stage

what is the second stage of glycolysis also known as

oxidize 3 carbon compound

what does the yield stage do?

2

what is net yield of ATP in glycolysis

hexokinase

stage one, reaction one uses what enzyme to make G-6-P

irreversible

hexokinase turning glucose to G-6-P is a _______ rxn

true

this irreversible rxn of hexokinase has the lowest activity rate of glycolytic enzyme

t or f

F-6-P

stage 1 rxn 2 turn G-6-P into what

false

G-6-P to f-6-p is a irreversible rxn

t or f

aldol

F-6-P is considered a beta hydroxy ketone or a _____ so it can split into two

phosphofructokinase / PFK

stage one rxn 3 uses what enzyme to turn F-6-P into F-1,6-P

irreversible

using PFK to make F-1,6-P is a _______ rxn

regulation

PFK is a key enzyme in ______

aldolase

what enzyme is used in stage 1 rxn 4 to spilt F-1,6-P into two 3C compounds

DHAP, GAP

aldolase would generate 3C compound which are

triose phosphate isomerase

stage 1, rxn 5 converts DHAP into G-3-P with what enzyme

true

this rxn is reversible but requires G-3-P

t or f

glyceraldehyde-3-p dehydrogenase

stage 2, rxn 1 uses what enzyme to make 1,3 BPG from G-3-P

redox rxn

a dehydrogenase enzyme does what type of rxn

reversible

using G-3-P dehydrogenase would make it a ______ rxn

NAD+, NADH

bc 1,3 BPG has a higher phosphoryl-transfer energy greater than ATP, oxidation with ______ making _______ is involved

coenzyme

NAD+ is the ______ when using G-3-P dehydrogenase

aldehyde

to use NAD+ first a favourable oxidation of an ____ occurs

false

to use NAD+ secondly the acyl phosphate formation that occurs is favourable

t or f

thioester intermediate

how are rxns coupled together in the second step of using g-3-p dehydrogenase

sulfur carbon bond

what bond helps with the phosphate bonding when using g-3-p

phosphoglycerate kinase

stage 2 rxn 2 uses what enzyme to turn 1,3-BPG to generate ATP

reversible

using phosphoglycerate kinase is what type of rxn

rearrange

stage 2, rxns 3-5 does what to the 3-phosphoglycerate

increase phosphoryl-transfer energy

the rearrangement of 3-phosphoglycerate does what to the energy

mutase

what enzyme move the phosphate from 3-phosphoglycerate from 3-C to 2-C

dehydrates

what does the enolase do to make an unstable phosphoenolpyruvate

pyruvate kinase

what enzyme generates pyruvate and makes ATP for an irreversible rxn

double bond from C to C

what is the difference b/w a pyruvate in enol form and regular pyruvate

delta G prime = -ve

what do all irrvesible rxn have in common

entropy and splitting

positive delta G rxns are being driven by

prevent glycolysis

the conversion of NAD+ to NADH can

pyruvate metabolism

what is required to recover NAD+ from NADH

oxidizing Acetyl CoA

the aerobic method of getting NAD+ is

pyruvate dehydrogenation (lactate)

the anaerobic method of getting NAD+ is

lactate formation

what is the fermentations in humans known as

truw

lactobacillus in microflora and pickling food uses lactate formation

t or f

decarboxylate pyruvate

this by-product of yeast anaerobic metabolism make CO2 which can be used for bread

acetaldehyde, ethanol

this py-product of yeast anaerobic metabolism restores NAD+ and other byproduct diffuses

true

ethanol consumption and metabolism requires NAD+

t or f

G-6-P

galactose from the diet would turn into what molecule in the glycolysis pathways

F-6-P

fructose from the adipose tissue would turn into what molecule in the glycolysis pathway

DHAP or GAP

fructose from the liver can turn into (final molecules)

liver

what organ/tissue can NOT make fructose-6-P

F-1-P

fructose in the liver needs to turn into what before the final molecules

true

fructose consumption is linked to obesity, fatty liver and type 2 diabetes

t or f

PFK, skipped

the reason fructose is a key in obesity, fatty liver and type 2 diabetes is due to the enzyme _______ which is _____

phosphorylation and uridyl group addition

how is glucose 1-p made from galactose

phosphoglucomutase

what enzyme turn glucose 1-P into glucose 6-p

UDP galactose 4 epimerase

how is UDC galactose convert to UDC glucose

true

the pathway from galactose to glucose 6-P is reversible

t or f

low lactase activity

the inability to digest lactase is due to

hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase

what enzymes are the 3 irreversible rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis

muscle glycolysis

regulated to meet need for ATP for contraction

liver glycolysis

regulation to meet diverse roles (blood glucose maintenance)

false

reversible rxns don't follow flow from the irreversible rxn

t or f

PFK

what enzyme is the main control of glycolysis in mammals

ATP

what can inhibit PFK

AMP

what can activate PFK

Glucose-6-p

hexokinase is feedback inhibited by what

diffuses back to blood

if hexokinase is inactive, what happens to glucose

PFK inactive

a build up of g-6-p indicates what

glycogen synthesis

G-6-P is the substrate for

pyruvate kinase

turns phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and controls the efflux from pathway since pyruvate going backwards needs energy

inhibits

if ATP is in excess, what happens to pyruvate kinase

alanine made, pyruvate kinase inhibits

if pyruvate is in excess what happens to pyruvate and pyruvate kinase

activates

if F-1,6-biphosphate is excess, what happens to pyruvate kinase

PFK

how is liver glycolysis regulated

citrate, first product from CAC

what inhibits PFK in the liver, where was it made

fructose-2,6-B

what stimulates PFK in the liver

false

ATP regulation does not exist in liver glycolysis regulation

t or f

glucokinase

what is the main enzyme to phosphorylate glucose in the liver

true

glucokinase has a lower affinity for glucose than hexokinase

t or f

true

glucokinase is not inhibited by g-6-p

t or f

true

pyruvate kinase in liver glycolysis is allosterically regulated like the muscles '

t or f

ATP, alanine

what can inhibit pyruvate kinase in the liver

F-1,6-B

what can activate pyruvate kinase in the liver

isoenzyme

the phosphorylation site for pyruvate kinase in the liver is an

glucagon signaling

to phosphorylate enzyme to shut it down, what is it triggered by in response to low glucose levels

GLUT 1, 3

what gluose transporters transport glucose that can transport from a low conc. of glucose and has a high affinity for it

RBC

what does GLUT 1 supply

brain

what does GLUT 3 supply

GLUT 2

what glucose transporter has a low affinity for glucose and can transport glucose from high conc.

liver and pancreatic beta cells

what does GLUT 2 supply

GLUT 4

this glucose transporter does insulin/contraction dependent translocation to cell surface

insulin, GLUT 2

glucose uptake in pancreas is linked to what and uses what glucose transporter

false

when GLUT 2 transporters are in use glycolysis in pancreas cells decrease for less ATP

t or f

K+

what channel is sensitive to ATP for insulin release

Ca2+

what channel is sensitive to charges for insulin release

exocytosis

what does Ca2+ do to insulin