Societies Exam 3-PITT

Culture

Culture is everything made, learned, or shared by the members of a society, including values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects

About culture

Culture is LEARNED and VARIES from society to society

What is globalization?

this refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people, and economic activity

What does globalization refer to?

ECONOMICS- the global distribution and production of goods and services , through reduction of barriers trade to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas

How was globalization produced economic growth in developed and LDC's?

Increased specialization and comparative advantage

What do opponents believe?

That globalizations benefits have been overstated and the costs have been underestimated

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

anti-globalization

They are critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism

What is the most common language in the world?

Mandarin Chinese (955 million speakers)

What languages follow?

2) Spanish (405 million speakers)

3) English (360 million speakers)

What is the dominant language of the internet and the most popular second language?

English

What music genres began locally and became international phenomenum?

Jazz and Reggae

We have cross cultural versions of what music genre?

Hip-hop

Globalization was primarily driven by what force?

AMERICANIZATION- the outward flow of economic and cultural activity from the United States

What are the two most successful global food chains and beverage company that come from America?

1) McDonald's-over 36,000 locations

2) Starbucks- over 24,000 locations

Big Mac Index

informal measure of purchasing power parity among world currencies

T/F. Americanization and globalization are the same?

False- they are different phenomena

cultural syncretism

The fusion of American cultural forms with local traditional practices

During cultural syncretism what is reconstructed?

Cultural homogeneity

Global civics

A social contract between global citizens in the age of interdependence and interaction; the notion that we have certain rights and responsibilities toward each other by the mere fact of being human on Earth

What are the 4 main issue areas of tourism?

1) The tourist

2) The relations and perceptions of tourists and locals

3)The structure of the tourist system

4) The socioeconomic/ sociocultural impact of tourism

International tourist

temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country visited for the purpose of either 1) business 2) leisure

Davydd Greenwoods 3 stages

1) Discovery

2) Local Response/ Initiative

3) Institutionalism

Butler's Organic Model/ Resort Cycle (5 stages)

1) Evolution

2) Involvement

3) Development/ Consolidation

4) Stagnation

5) Decline or Evolve

Who coined the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

Structuralism

any form of sociological analysis that is concerned with society as a whole and how it is structured

Consensus Theory

views that human interaction and wider social forces developed via social consensus (agreement)

Conflict Theory

concerned with material, societal conflicts of dominance and subordination of wealth and power--inequalities

Social Action Theory

from humanist perspective that focuses on how society is formed by individuals who compromise and says that social reality results from actions between individuals

Symbolic Interactionism

focuses on the ways socials rules and identities are established through social interaction, emphasizing the importance of response of other people to individuals behavior

Tourism is viewed as what 3 things?

1) Export

2) An industry

3) A sector

T/F. Tourism is one of the largest economic sectors in the world?

True

T/F. Tourism is the third largest industry in the United States?

True--1) fuels 2) chemicals

What are the 3 primary areas of tourism inquiry and analysis?

1) The tourist

2) The tourist-host relationship

3) The structure of the tourist system

What two disciplines form humanology?

Sociology and anthropology

Economists

Emphasize the economics, supply & demand, profit maximization

Tourism Ministries

Look at arrivals, overnight stays, purposes

Environmentalists

the "renting of the environment", capacities, eutrophication

Domestic v. International Tourism

Domestic Tourism is 5-6 times greater than international tourism

Why is tourism a REFLECTION of society

It has become institutionalized and democratized; it is UNIVERSALLY expected for ALL people

Religion is an important part of all societies and manifests itself within...?

Peoples beliefs, attitudes, and actions

The decreased role of religion can be attributed to?

The increase in industrialization, science, and technology

Spirituality can be thought of as both?

1) Personal

2) Subjective

Stages of Tourism as a Pilgrimage?

1) Separation Stage- Arrive at destination away from home

2) Liminality stage- Change in daily routine while on the road

3) Reintegration Stage- Return to home and normal, routine life

Sacred pilgrimage

A journey driven by faith, religion, and spiritual fulfillment

Secular tourism

Fulfilling a personal vendetta or spiritual need through tourism

T/F. A pilgrim and tourist are the same thing?

False- they might do they same things but they attach different meanings to them

Frontier Travel

related to pilgrimage; exploring the realm between the "predictable" and "unpredictable" world, social barriers, geographic boundaries

4 Main Reasons for traveling to a Religious site

1) Spiritual/ religious purposes

2) Heritage/ Cultural Purposes

3) Special Interest

4)Planned/ Impulse visit

Dark Tourism

Trend of visiting sites where death or disasters have occurred

Authentic

Something either SOUGHT OUT through tourism and travel or something to ESCAPE

The Boorstin school

believed that tourists are satisfied with inauthentic, pseudo-events

The MacCannell school

Criticizes inauthentic and unnatural tours

How is tourism further commodified?

Through marketing

Authenticity is marketed as:

1) Pre-modern

2)Traditional

Perceptions of authenticity are dependent on what?

Relationships that the tourists have with the people in tourist settings

Goffman

Identified staged authenticity with:

1) Front space- where tourists are and what they see

2) Backspace- which is more local, off-the-beaten path; where locals live and relax

Cohen

adopted McCannell's model; Said it comes down to the tourist perception

MacCannell simplified "attractions" and " tourist destinations" into?

MARKERS- something that informs the tourist that a site is worth seeing, that an attraction is, "the real thing"

What did brochures serve as?

"Pre markers"- important way to form tourists impressions

Why does tourism present a threat to authenticity?

Because authenticity is NOT static

What thing, in particular, loses its authenticity when mass produced?

Arts and crafs

Tourism is deeply rooted in...?

Nostalgia

Dual meaning/ significance of authenticity

1) We may want to escape from our everyday, routine world

2) Or... we may want accurate, real/ other(different) world

Theories of Development

1) Modernization Theory

2) Dependency Theory

3) Neo-classical counter revolution

4) Alternative Dependency Theory

Mass tourism can have negative consequences for...?

Destinations, environments, and societies

Tourism accounts for what % of global GDP

9%

Characteristics of LDC's

- Low standards of living

- Low incomes

- Poor educational outcomes

- High infant mortality

- Poor health indicators

How does tourism redistribute income from wealthy to poorer countries?

1) Tourism has low start-up costs

2) Tourists arrive from tourist generating countries with time and money

Modernization Theory

course documents

Dependency Theory

World System

Alternative Dependency

Opposite of dependency; focuses on self sufficiency; previous emphasis on autarky- economic independence or self sufficiency

Characteristics of Mass Tourism

- Package tourism

- Tourism in large groups

- Little time spent at sites

Alternative Tourism

Opposite of mass tourism

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions, while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future

What are 2 forms of sustainable tourism that can be solid but have had their problems in practice?

Eco-tourism/ Agro-tourism

Sharpley's 3 Factors of Sustainable Tourism

1) Rate of natural resource exploitation

2) Rate of human waste into the ecosystem

3) Global population levels and per capita consumption

What theory is the most relevant for tourism/ tourism dependency?

The dependency theory

Tourism generally has positive economic impacts and negative impacts on?

Culture and the environment

What is the key to shaping policy outcomes?

Wealth and power

Tourism generating countries and tourism receiving countries

"The . greater the gulf between the tourism-generating country and the destination in terms of economic development, the more significant the social and cultural impacts are likely to be

Tourism leads to an increase in?

- Globalization

- Americanization

- Westernization

Factors of Tourism Development

- # of Tourists

- Current Economy's Growth Potential

- Size of Host Community

- Presence or Absence of Tourism Development Guidelines

Economically

Tourism Development can lead to tourism dependency

Size of community

In larger destinations, more tourists can visit without the community feeling the impacts; smaller destinations have the opposite effects

Rate of Tourism Development

The rate impacts socio-cultural change

Social change

Is the more IMMEDIATE and VISIBLE effect on a destination, community, and tourists

Cultural changes

Take place more GRADUALLY and affect more permanent fixtures of a host community

Gender roles

More gender equality, particularly in PATRIARCHAL societies

Desertification- demographically and environmentally

- More urbanization

- Out migration (especially the youth)

- Seasonality

-lack of youth to maintain populations and livelihood of rural areas

Behavioral Changes

Swapping of behavioral attitudes or moral codes between tourists and hosts; It is POSSIBLE for tourists to learn FROM regions they visit

Demonstration Effect

The introduction of alien values and ways of life into a relatively traditional or isolated species that causes them to change their own values and modes of behavior

Language

As tourism increases, so do the amount of locals learning foreign languages to communicate; generally this is a good thing, but in more remote areas, local dialects begin to die out

Religion

The "commodification" of religion

-Events

-Festivals

-Buildings

-Sites

It generates revenue

Traditional Art

Art loses its significance when it is mass produced for souvenir shops to be sold to tourists, and often tourists do not understand the significance of the art form that they purchased

This causes art to be TRIVIALIZED

What is the most immediate change caused by tourism?

Social change