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adventitious
abnormal breath sound heard over the lungs
alveoli
small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are at the site of gas exchange
angina
a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles
arterial blood gas (ABG)
a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
atelectasis
incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs
atria
upper chambers of the heart
atrioventricular (AV) node
a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle
atrioventricular bundle
bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract
bradypnea
slow rate of breathing
bronchial
those heard over the larynx and trachea are high-pitched, harsh “blowing” sounds, with sound on expiration being longer than inspiration
bronchovesicular
normal breath sounds heard over the mainstream bronchus; they are moderate blowing sounds, with inspiration equal to expiration
bronchodilators
medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles
capnography
a method to minter ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs
cardiopulmonary
relating to the heart and lungs
cardiovascular
relating to the heart and blood vessels
cilia
microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated
circulation
moving the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end remains fixed
crackles
fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs
diffusion
tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
dysthymia
an abnormal cardiac rhythm
electrocardiogram (ECG)
graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph
endotracheal tube
polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide
expiration
act of breathing out; synonym for exhalation
hyperventilation
condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs
hypoventilation
decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
hypoxemia
deficient oxygenation of blood
hypoxia
inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells
inspiration
comprehensive nursing assessment resulting in baseline data that enable the nurse to make a judgment about a patient’s health status, ability to manage one’s own health care, and need for nursing, and to plan individualized, holistic health care for the patient
internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells
ischemia
deficiency of blood in a particular area
myocardial infarction
one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen; also known as a heart attack
oxygenation
the process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen
perfusion
process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
pulse oximetry
noninvasive technique that measures oxygen saturation (SaO2) of arterial blood
respiration
gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
spirometer
instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)
surfactant
detergent-like phospholipid that reduced surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
ventricles
lower chambers of the heart
vesicular
normal sound of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung areas
wheezes
continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages
tracheostomy tube
curved tube inserted into an artificial opening made in the trachea that comes with varied angles and in multiple sizes
tracheostomy
artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted
tachypnea
rapid rate of breathing
subcutaneous emphysema
underlying layer that anchors the skin layers to the underlying tissues of the body
sputum
respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
sinoatrial (SA) node
a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker
acid
substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released
acidosis
condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35
active transport
movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a pressure gradient and with the expenditure of metabolic energy
alkalosis
condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45
anions
ion that carries a negative electric charge
antibody
immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen
antigen
foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response
autologous transfusion
occurs when a patient donates one’s own blood for a transfusion
base
substance that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali
blood typing
the laboratory examination to determine a person’s blood type
buffer
substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid or alkaline
capillary filtration
passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary, results from the force of blood “pushing” against the walls of the capillaries
cations
ion that carries a positive electric charge
colloid osmotic pressure
pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure
cross-matching
act of determining the compatibility of two blood specimens
dehydration
decreased water volume in body tissue
diffusion
tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established
edema
accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces
electrolytes
substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when dissolved in solution
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
homeostasis: various
homeostasis
various physiologic and psychological mechanisms respond to changes in the internal and external environment to maintain a balanced state
hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by a fluid against the container wall
hypercalcemia
excrescences of calcium in the extracellular fluid
hyperkalemia
excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid
hypermagnesemia
excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid
hypernatremia
excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid
hyperphosphatemia
above-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus
hypertonic solution
having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypervolemia
excess of plasma
hypocalcemia
insufficient amount of calcium in the extracellular fluid
hypokalemia
insufficient amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid
hypomagnesemia
insufficient amount of magnesium in the extracellular fluid
hyponatremia
insufficient amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid
hypophosphatemia
below-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorous
hypotonic solution
having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared
hypovolemia
deficiency of blood plasma
intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within the cell; synonym for cellular fluid
ion
atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in solution
isotonic
having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared
osmosis
passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established
pH
expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of a substance
solutes
substance dissolved in a solution
solvents
liquid holding a substance in solution
atelectasis
incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
formation of a blood clot (“thrombus”) in a deep vein
elective surgery
surgery that is recommended but can be omitted or delayed without catastrophe
emergency surgery
surgery that must be performed immediately to save the person’s life or a body organ
general anesthesia
administration of drugs by the inhalation or intravenous (IV) route to produce central nervous system depression; a combination of both intravenous and inhalation anesthetics that allows for rapid induction, excretion, and reversal of effects
hemorrhage
excessive blood loss due to the escape of blood from blood vessels
hypothermia
low body temperature
local anesthesia
injection of an anesthetic agent such as bupivacaine, lidocaine, or tetracaine to a specific area of the body for minor, short-term surgical, or diagnostic procedures; bathes the tissue around a targeted nerve or infiltrates the underlying tissue in the operative area
moderate sedation/anesthesia
used for short-term and minimally invasive procedures
perioperative nursing: wide variety of nursing activities carried out before, during, and after surgery