Adult Health 1: EXAM 3 vocab

adventitious

abnormal breath sound heard over the lungs

alveoli

small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are at the site of gas exchange

angina

a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles

arterial blood gas (ABG)

a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

atelectasis

incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs

atria

upper chambers of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

atrioventricular bundle

bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract

bradypnea

slow rate of breathing

bronchial

those heard over the larynx and trachea are high-pitched, harsh “blowing” sounds, with sound on expiration being longer than inspiration

bronchovesicular

normal breath sounds heard over the mainstream bronchus; they are moderate blowing sounds, with inspiration equal to expiration

bronchodilators

medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles

capnography

a method to minter ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs

cardiopulmonary

relating to the heart and lungs

cardiovascular

relating to the heart and blood vessels

cilia

microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated

circulation

moving the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end remains fixed

crackles

fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs

diffusion

tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

dysthymia

an abnormal cardiac rhythm

electrocardiogram (ECG)

graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph

endotracheal tube

polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide

expiration

act of breathing out; synonym for exhalation

hyperventilation

condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs

hypoventilation

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

hypoxemia

deficient oxygenation of blood

hypoxia

inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells

inspiration

comprehensive nursing assessment resulting in baseline data that enable the nurse to make a judgment about a patient’s health status, ability to manage one’s own health care, and need for nursing, and to plan individualized, holistic health care for the patient

internal respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells

ischemia

deficiency of blood in a particular area

myocardial infarction

one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen; also known as a heart attack

oxygenation

the process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen

perfusion

process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulse oximetry

noninvasive technique that measures oxygen saturation (SaO2) of arterial blood

respiration

gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

spirometer

instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)

surfactant

detergent-like phospholipid that reduced surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

ventricles

lower chambers of the heart

vesicular

normal sound of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung areas

wheezes

continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages

tracheostomy tube

curved tube inserted into an artificial opening made in the trachea that comes with varied angles and in multiple sizes

tracheostomy

artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted

tachypnea

rapid rate of breathing

subcutaneous emphysema

underlying layer that anchors the skin layers to the underlying tissues of the body

sputum

respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat

sinoatrial (SA) node

a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker

acid

substance containing a hydrogen ion that can be liberated or released

acidosis

condition characterized by a proportionate excess of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid, in which the pH falls below 7.35

active transport

movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes, usually against a pressure gradient and with the expenditure of metabolic energy

alkalosis

condition, characterized by a proportionate lack of hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid concentration, in which the pH exceeds 7.45

anions

ion that carries a negative electric charge

antibody

immunoglobulin produced by the body in response to a specific antigen

antigen

foreign material capable of inducing a specific immune response

autologous transfusion

occurs when a patient donates one’s own blood for a transfusion

base

substance that can accept or trap a hydrogen ion; synonym for alkali

blood typing

the laboratory examination to determine a person’s blood type

buffer

substance that prevents body fluid from becoming overly acid or alkaline

capillary filtration

passage of fluid across the wall of the capillary, results from the force of blood “pushing” against the walls of the capillaries

cations

ion that carries a positive electric charge

colloid osmotic pressure

pressure exerted by plasma proteins on permeable membranes in the body; synonym for oncotic pressure

cross-matching

act of determining the compatibility of two blood specimens

dehydration

decreased water volume in body tissue

diffusion

tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

edema

accumulation of fluid in extracellular spaces

electrolytes

substance capable of breaking into ions and developing an electric charge when dissolved in solution

extracellular fluid (ECF)

fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids

homeostasis: various

homeostasis

various physiologic and psychological mechanisms respond to changes in the internal and external environment to maintain a balanced state

hydrostatic pressure

force exerted by a fluid against the container wall

hypercalcemia

excrescences of calcium in the extracellular fluid

hyperkalemia

excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid

hypermagnesemia

excess of magnesium in the extracellular fluid

hypernatremia

excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid

hyperphosphatemia

above-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus

hypertonic solution

having a greater concentration than the solution with which it is being compared

hypervolemia

excess of plasma

hypocalcemia

insufficient amount of calcium in the extracellular fluid

hypokalemia

insufficient amount of potassium in the extracellular fluid

hypomagnesemia

insufficient amount of magnesium in the extracellular fluid

hyponatremia

insufficient amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid

hypophosphatemia

below-normal serum concentration of inorganic phosphorous

hypotonic solution

having a lesser concentration than the solution with which it is being compared

hypovolemia

deficiency of blood plasma

intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid within the cell; synonym for cellular fluid

ion

atom or molecule carrying an electric charge in solution

isotonic

having about the same concentration as the solution with which it is being compared

osmosis

passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration until equilibrium is established

pH

expression of hydrogen ion concentration and resulting acidity of a substance

solutes

substance dissolved in a solution

solvents

liquid holding a substance in solution

atelectasis

incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

formation of a blood clot (“thrombus”) in a deep vein

elective surgery

surgery that is recommended but can be omitted or delayed without catastrophe

emergency surgery

surgery that must be performed immediately to save the person’s life or a body organ

general anesthesia

administration of drugs by the inhalation or intravenous (IV) route to produce central nervous system depression; a combination of both intravenous and inhalation anesthetics that allows for rapid induction, excretion, and reversal of effects

hemorrhage

excessive blood loss due to the escape of blood from blood vessels

hypothermia

low body temperature

local anesthesia

injection of an anesthetic agent such as bupivacaine, lidocaine, or tetracaine to a specific area of the body for minor, short-term surgical, or diagnostic procedures; bathes the tissue around a targeted nerve or infiltrates the underlying tissue in the operative area

moderate sedation/anesthesia

used for short-term and minimally invasive procedures

perioperative nursing: wide variety of nursing activities carried out before, during, and after surgery