VDPAM 487 - Exam 4

Influences we have on the host are:

Reduce stress, immune status, and acclimation

Influences we have on the pathogen are:

Decrease exposure, cleaning, and disinfection

Influences we have on the environment are:

Air quality, temperature, and nutrition

What are the exposure routes?

Direct contact, fomites, aerosol, vector, and fecal-oral

How can you protect yourself from zoonotic diseases?

Wear PPE

Small ruminants have:

Greater mastication, less rumen capacity, faster GI transit, multiple fetuses common, greater predation risk, and faster metabolism

Large ruminants have:

Larger rumen capacity, slower GI transit, typically single fetus, longer time to maturity, and slower metabolism

What score is used to determine whether small ruminants are anemic and the prevalence of parasites in the herd

FAMACHA score

Red = blood present (good), pale = low blood present, anemic (bad)

Should we provide small ruminants with feeders they have to stick their heads through?

NO! This is an additional contact point for pathogen spread

Pros and cons of FAMACHA scoring

Pros: easy and quick

Cons: interpretation errors, only applicable to blood-consuming parasites

What is true about targeted selective treatment?

• Based on the concept of maintaining refugia

• Only treat animals that NEED it or would benefit substantially

• Won’t STOP resistance, but will delay it

• Producers MUST keep track of who is who

What is the only quantitative method for determining parasite burden in a herd?

Fecal Egg Count

What is the only way we can administer anthelminthics?

Orally! Can layer dewormers but do NOT rotate them

What are the types of toxic plants in small ruminants?

Japanese Yew, Azalea, Oleander, and Rhododendron

Are small ruminants more susceptible to rabies or mastitis than cattle?

NO!

Are sheep or goats more sensitive to copper toxicity?

Sheep!

What are the 4 zoonotic diseases of small ruminants?

• Abortion

• Ringworm/club lamb fungus

• Rabies

• Contagious ecthyma/orf/soremouth

What are the risk factors of urolithiasis?

• Breed

• Obesity

• Genetics

• High Ca+ intake

What decreases the risk of urolithiasis?

Males being intact

Are euthanasia and depopulation the same thing?

NO!

What are the numbers for each section of the poultry industry?

• Broilers - 9 Billion

• Layers - 300 Million

• Turkeys - 210 Million

Top 3 broiler producing states

Arkansas, Georgia, Alabama

What influenced broiler industry development?

• Genetics - 90%

• Nutrition - 5%

• Environment - 3%

• Health - 2%

What color are broilers and why?

White, because colored varieties leave behind pigments on the birds

The poultry industry commonly has what kind of integration?

Vertical, same company owns every stage of production to maximize control and disease management

In the 1950’s what happened to egg consumption and why?

Decreased due to concerns about cholesterol

Advantages of wire-caged housing in layers?

• Easier collection of eggs

• Easier nutrition management

• Cleaner eggs

• Easier disease control

What are the top 3 egg producing states?

Iowa (#1), Ohio, and Indiana

Internal egg abnormalities

• Blood spots

• Meat spots

• Double yolks

• Watery/runny whites

External egg abnormalities

• Soft-shelled

• Slab-sided

• Wrinkled eggs

• Body checks

What are the top 3 turkey producing states?

Arkansas, Minnesota, North Carolina

Why can’t turkeys mate naturally anymore? (AI only)

Breast size is too large (caused by increased consumer demand for turkey breast)

What influences colostrum intake in piglets?

Birth order, first gets first pick of teats, best and most colostrum

What is the most economically important disease in U.S. swine production?

PRRS

What 2 pathogens are needed to cause atrophic rhinitis?

• Bordetella bronchiseptica (regressive AR)

• Pasturella multocida (progressive AR)

What is thumping?

Heavy labored breathing in pigs where abdominal muscles are used to aid respiration

List the reproductive pathogens discussed in class

• Leptospirosis

• Influenza A

• PRRS

• Parvovirus

• Porcine Circovirus

Can you distinguish the pathogen by fecal color, consistency, and/or smell?

NO! Must do diagnostic testing

How old must a pig be before coccidiosis can be an issue?

5 days minimum

What are the 3 swine enteric coronaviruses?

• PEDV

• PDCoV

• TGEV

What are the 3 main forms of iletits?

• Porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)

• Necrotic form

• Acute hemorrhagic form

What causes Mulberry heart?

Vitamin E and/or Selenium deficiency

In what type of systems are parasites an issue?

Outdoor systems

What are mycotoxins?

Metabolites of fungi found in feed

What are the common types of mycotoxins?

• Aspergillus

• Fusarium

• Penicillin

What are the skin conditions discussed in class?

Erysipelas, PDNS, Sarcoptic mange, Pityriasis rosea, Greasy pig

What does erysipelas cause?

Diamond-shaped skin lesions

What is the best way to prevent disease in poultry?

Biosecurity

What are the 6 keys to incubation?

1. Temperature (MOST CRITICAL) —> 99.5 - 100 degrees F

2. Humidity —> 60-65%

3. Egg position —> wide end up or horizontal

4. Egg turning —> prevent chick from sticking to shell memebrane

5. CO2 and O2 content —> 0.5% CO2, above 2% CO2 = death, 21% O2

6. Sanitation —> clean = disease-free

What is the number one poultry production cost?

Feed (60-70% of production costs)

Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV)

Affects ALL birds, causes an upper respiratory infection and decreased egg production

High-path avian influenza

Sudden death, systemic disease, 100% fatality, MANDATORY depop

When did wire-caged housing begin in egg layers?

1940’s

E.coli infections in poultry

“Colibacillosis,” most common cause of respiratory infections in poultry

What is a baby turkey called?

Poult

What is the best prevention for PRRS?

Biosecurity

What swine disease has the most effective vaccine?

Porcine Circovirus

What is the historical type of salmonellosis?

Salmonella chloraesuis

What is the type of salmonellosis we commonly fight today?

Salmonella typhimurium