Unit 3 - Classical Conditioning

Psychosocial Stages

Erik Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development, each with its own psychosocial task that must be resolved in order to progress to the next stage.

Infancy (birth to 18 months)

• Trust vs. Mistrust

• Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)

• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Preschool (3 to 5 years)

• Initiative vs. Guilt

• Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

School Age (6 to 11 years)

• Industry(competence) vs. Inferiority

• Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

• Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)

• Intimacy vs. Isolation

• Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)

• Generativity vs. Stagnation

• Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Maturity (65 to death)

• Integrity vs. Despair

• Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

are stressful or traumatic events that occur during childhood or adolescence that can impact a person's health and well-being (abuse, neglect, violence, family dysfunction, etc)

Identity Diffusion

no sense of having choices; he or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment

Identity Foreclosure

willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. NO identity crisis. conform to the expectations of others regarding their futureIdentity Moratorium

Identity Moratorium

In crisis, exploring choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices

Identity Achievement/Formation

Completed identity crisis and has committed to identity/value

Behavioral Perspective

is the psychological approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in the environment.

Associative Learning

states that ideas and experiences can be mentally linked to one another and reinforce each other

Classical Conditioning

type of learning that links a neutral stimulus - one that evokes no special response except to call attention to it - to another stimulus that elicits a natural or involuntary response

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally & automatically triggers a response.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Acquisition

When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned

Stimulus discrimination

response to only the specific stimulus that has been conditioned

Stimulus generalization

response to another stimulus

Extinction

process that leads to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR to the CS

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Higher-order Conditioning

involves establishing a conditioned response using a conditioned stimulus instead of an unconditioned stimulus.

Counterconditioning -behavior therapy

procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

One-Trial Conditioning

The single pairing of stimulus (oysters) and response (illness) will be enough to create an association, and your new aversion won’t be strengthened by further pairings.

Biological preparedness

is the idea that people and animals are naturally inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Taste Aversion

A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness

Habituation

a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation. Ex. a baby no longer being excited by a toy.