CADS 2000: Exam 1

The Industrial Revolution took place from __ to 1820/1840.

1760

Which of the following were key inventions that came out of the industrial revolution? 

Power Loom, Water powered spinning frame, Spinning Jenny (All of the above)

Francis Lowell was known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution” True or False? 

False

During the time of the Lowell factory mills, the workforce was mostly made up of: 

Young Girls

Second Industrial Revolution:

• The transition from coal & steam to electricity, gasoline, & oil, focusing on steel. 1870-1914 

• America started to see a greater distribution of wealth 

• Class system established: upper, upper middle, lower middle, & working 

• Rise of the middle class meant more money being spent (consumerism), more banks and more loans.

Consumerism:

• A consumer is the end-user of a product or service offered by a business. 

• With new wealth, retail markets emerge as people now have wants, not just needs. 

• This lead the markets to a centralized commerce and away from a decentralized one.

Decentralized Commerce

includes custom goods, a barter system, defined social class, and slow fashion cycles 

Centralized Commerce

includes mass produced goods, technology, social mobility, fast fashion cycles. 

As the Industrial Revolution continued, retail markets started moving away from centralized commerce and began developing into decentralized commerce. True or False?

False

What specific side effect of WWII affected consumerism?

Rationing goods

Capitalism

(Ludwig von Mises & John Maynard Keynes) included social classes, rights of individuals and corporations, privately controlled means of production, supply and demand factors determined by market economy (free market) 

Socialism

(Karl Marx) included equality of wealth distribution, socio-economic equality, state controlled means of production, and centrally planned economies (USSR)

Which of the following is not a component of socialism? 

Supply and demand determine the market economy

Which of the following statements about globalization is correct? 

Globalization has been around for a long time, but it is faster and more widespread than it was centuries ago.

Which of the following claims are in support of globalization that are supported by evidence?

Consumers generally have more choices and pay lower prices.

Which of the following claims opposing globalization is supported by evidence? 

Globalization is making wealthy individuals and corporations wealthier

Pros & Cons of Globalization:

• Increased consumer choices & reduced prices 

• Making wealthy individuals and corporations wealthier 

• Globalization tied to climate change, trade, terrorism, and the spread of deadly diseases

What is the purpose of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? 

To manage international trade and resolve disputes

Which countries are members of the International Criminal Court? 

About half the countries in the world 

What is the purpose of NATO? 

To safeguard its members’ freedom and security

What is the purpose of the UN? 

To promote international peace and stability, human rights, and economic development

What is the purpose of the EU? 

To help member countries cooperate on economic, political, and security matters 

What is the purpose of the International Criminal Court? 

To investigate and try those charged with genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression.

Which of the following is true based on the experiences of French Dairy Farmers and Mexican Avacado Growers? 

Globalization opens new markets but also leads to new risks. 

History of Sustainability (Sustainability Timeline): 

• Industrial Revolution was when consumerism really took off. 

• Sustainability “movement” gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, but the history goes back to he enlightenment in the 1700s 

• Adam Smith formulated theory of capitalism: deregulated economy based on growth 

• Hans Carl von Carlowitz coined the term sustainability

Before the 1970s, the term “sustainability” had not been introduced by experts. True or False? 

False

Who coined the term “sustainability”?

Hans Carl von Carlowitz 

Which component of ESG examines how a company manages its relationships with employees, suppliers, and customers? 

Social 

Which of the following is NOT one of the three pillars of sustainability?

Political

According to the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), what is the goal of sustainability? 

to create and maintain conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony. 

Social + Economic = ?

Equitable 

Social + Environmental = ?

Bearable

Economic + Environmental = ?

Viable

Which resource was used to make the pages of the physical Cradle to Cradle book? 

Plastic

Crude Products

Products that are not designed for human or ecological health 

Product Plus

Consumers get a product/service they want, as well as harmful additives

Which of the following represents the correct order of the typical product lifecycle steps?

Natural Resources & technical nutrients -> manufacturing -> retail -> use -> trash 

When measuring an ecological footprint, which chemical element is primarily measured? 

Carbon

What does the Life Cycle Assessment measure? 

the total environmental impact of a product, service, or process through every stage of its existence.

Cradle to Cradle

A closed loop process in which products are designed so that their materials can be broken down and continuously circulated.

Cradle to Grave

An open loop process in which raw materials are used to create products that are discarded after use.

Pros of Recycling

• Reduced Energy Consumption 

• Decreased Pollution 

• Considered very environmentally friendly  

• Slows the rate of resource depletion 

• Fights global warming 

• Decreases landfill waste

Cons of Recycling

• Recycling isn’t always cost effective 

• High up-front costs 

• Needs more Global Buy-In 

• Recycled Products are often of lesser quality 

• Recycling sites are commonly unsafe

Upcycling

The process of converting materials into something of greater value than the original material.

Downcycling

The process of converting materials into products or materials of lower quality or value than the original. 

According to the Cradle to Cradle book, what are the Four Rs of Sustainability? 

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regulate 

Intergenerational Remote Tyranny

The impact on future generations resulting from the effects of our actions today. 

Reductionism

Focusing on reducing complex systems into their basic parts 

Planned Obsolescence

Developing products with a limited lifespan that will need to be replaced.

Systems Thinking Concept

a way of making sense of the complexity of the world by looking at it in terms of wholes and relationships rather than splitting it down into its parts 

Iceberg Model

Events are what’s seen from the outside and then patterns, structures, and mental models is what’s going on underneath