Exploring Mixtures and their Separation Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering the types of mixtures, concentration formulas, and various separation techniques described in Chapter 5: Exploring Mixtures and their Separation.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has a uniform composition throughout, such as a well-stirred mixture of sugar and water; also called a solution.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition, where particles are often easily visible and may settle over time, such as sand and water.

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution.

Concentration of a solution

The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution.

Mass by mass percentage ($$)

Mathematically expressed as $\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Mass of solution}} \times 100$; it indicates how many grams of solute are present in $100$ grams of total solution.

Mass by volume percentage ($$)

Mathematically expressed as $\frac{\text{Mass of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$; it indicates how many grams of solute are present in $100$ millilitres of solution.

Volume by volume percentage ($$)

Mathematically expressed as $\frac{\text{Volume of solute}}{\text{Volume of solution}} \times 100$; it indicates how many millilitres of solute are present in $100$ millilitres of solution.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of solvent ($100$ mL or $100$ g) at a given temperature.

Saturated solution

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a specific temperature.

Solubility curve

A graph representing solubility versus temperature.

Crystallization

The process of forming crystals from a saturated solution, often used for the purification of solids.

Crystal

A solid made up of particles arranged in a regular geometric pattern.

Distillation

A process for separating two miscible liquids by heating until the liquid with the lower boiling point vaporises, then cooling the vapour back into liquid; requires a boiling point difference of at least $25 \text{ } ^\text{o}\text{C}$.

Fractional distillation

The process of separating components of a mixture with relatively small differences in boiling points (less than $25 \text{ } ^\text{o}\text{C}$).

Paper chromatography

A method of separating the components of a mixture based on their different interactions with a solvent and the paper, causing them to move at different speeds.

Immiscible liquids

Liquids that do not mix and form separate layers when combined, such as oil and water.

Separating funnel

Apparatus used to separate two immiscible liquids based on their different densities.

Sublimation

The process where a substance changes directly from the solid state to the vapour state on heating, without passing through the liquid state.

Deposition

The process when vapours condense back into a solid without becoming a liquid.

Alloy

A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal, such as brass, bronze, or stainless steel.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture in which solid particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium, with particles larger than $1000 \text{ nm}$.

Centrifugation

A process involving spinning a mixture at high speed so that centrifugal force causes heavier particles to move outwards and settle at the bottom.

Coagulation

A process in which a chemical substance called a coagulant (like powdered alum) is added to cause fine suspended particles to clump together.

Colloid

A mixture with particles sized between $1 \text{ nm}$ and $1000 \text{ nm}$ that do not settle over time and are uniformly dispersed.

Tyndall effect

The scattering of a beam of light by particles in a colloid or suspension, making the path of light visible.

Dispersed phase

The solute-like component or the dispersed particles in a colloid.

Dispersion medium

The component of a colloid in which the dispersed phase is suspended.

Emulsion

A type of colloid where both the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are liquids, categorized as oil-in-water or water-in-oil.

Dilip Mahalanabis

An Indian paediatrician who developed and implemented Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) for treating dehydration.

Mitti ka Ittar

A natural perfume representing the earthy smell of first rain, produced in Kannauj using the traditional Deg-Bhapka distillation method.