Medchem

What is the precursor of Sulfinamide

Protonsil 

What is the active metabolite of Protonsil

Sulfinalimide

Which of the following is a precursor of Sulfinilamide

What does the R group have to be to become sulfanilamide

H

What must the N4 amino group have to be sulfinilamide 

Free/unsubstitued  and on the para position

Can you change the aromatic ring

No

Where is substitution allowed here

N1 

What would enhance the activity of this structure

Electron withdrawing group at N1

Which state of ionization is better for penetration

Unionized to penetrate cell membrane

What do sulfonamides inhibit 

Dihydropeteroate diphosphate to inhibit folate enzyme synthesis 

What type of inhibitor is Sulfonamide

Competitive Inhibitor

Which sulfa drugs are short/medium acting

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfadiazine

Sulfacetamide

What are long acting sulfa drugs 

Sulfamerazine 

What are Ultra Long Acting sulfa Drugs

Sulfalene

What sulfa drugs are used for burn therapy 

Mafenide 

Silver Sulfadiazine 

What is Trimethoprim

Selective folate reductase inhibitor

What is Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

Combo drug that has synergestic activity

How do sulfa drugs get metabolized 

Glucorinidation and metabolized by acetylation 

What is sulfa drugs excreted as

N4 acetate and glucornides

What is the goal of acetylation

Conjugation pathway to attach water soluble moiety

What are some serious adverse effects of sulfa drugs

Liberates billirubin which in newborns cant be glucornidated so cant metabolize and leads to gray baby syndrome 

What does Fosfomycin inhibit

PEP transferase

What does Cycloserine inhibit

Akanine racemase to convert L-ALa into D-ala and combine to make D-ala D-ala

What does Vancomycin inhibit

Formation of pentapeptide

What does Bacitracin inhibit

phospholipid carrier

What do B lactams inhibit

D-ala transpeptidase

What causes Penicillins to be acidic 

COOH 

What are the advantages of COOH on Penicillin

To make water soluble parent abx and Pass 1st pass effect

What are the prototype penicillins

Penicllin G and and Penicillin V

What Penicillin class is this 

Pen G =Prototype

What Penicillin is this

Pen V = prototype

Which penicillins are structurally bulky and known as penicillinase resistant penicillins 

Nafcillin 

Oxacillin 

Cloxacillin/dicloxacillin 

Which penicillins are these and what class

penicillinase resistant penicillins

Which class of pencillins is. this

Aminopenicillins

Which class of penicillins is this 

Carboxypenicillins 

What class of penicillins is this

Acyl Ureidopencillins

What is the advantage of aminopencillins

Orally stable and used for kids

What is the difference between penicillins and cephalosporins

Cephalosporins have a modified bicyclic structure with an extra carbon that allows for further substitution 

When do you find an R3 group on a cephalosporin

For orally adminstered cephalosporins

What is the role of R3 esters in cephalosporins

Provide extra protection around carboxylic acid

What functional groups are found in later generations of cephalosporins

amino thiazole and oxime group 

What functional group is not found in parenterally adminstered cephalosporins

R3

Compare the stability of R2 in earlier generations vs later generations

Not as stabe R2

Which functional group causes bleeding and kidney damage 

MTT

What is an AE of this structure

Bleeding and Kidney damage because of MTT

What is this

Cetazidime which is combined with Avobactam and metronidazole for complicated intraabdominal infectionn

What is the first 4th gen cephalosporin

Cefpirome

Which drug is a semi synthetic broad spectrum prodrug cephalosporin

Ceftaroline Fosamil

How do you know a cephalosporin is oral

Primary aliphatic amine

Which drug is a fifth generation prodrug 

Ceftabiprole

What do beta lactamase inhibitors lack

Antibacterial activity and affinity for D-ala transpeptidase

Which combinition of B lactam is becomes single chemicals in vivo

Sultamicillin into ampicillin and sulbactam

Which beta lactamse inhibitors are non beta lactam containing 

Vaborbactam 

Avibactam 

What are these

Beta lactamase inhibitors

What is the problem with carbapenems

Chemical and Metabolic instability where DHP 1 enzyme inactivates it

How did imipenem solve the carbapenem problem 

The NH2 group made it bulkier so that sulfur couldnt liberate that portion 

What is Cilastin

DHP1 inhibitor that was given with Imipenem 

What structural aspect of meropenem created DHP-1 resistance

the methyl group on the thiazole

What type of bonding does Carbapenems have

Covalent bonding

What is Vabomere 

Vaborbactam + Meropenem whcih protects meropenem from degradation by beta lactamases

What is this

Imipenem

What is this 

Meropenem 

What is this and whats the advantage

Ertapenem and longer half life

What is this structure

Doripenem

What does Aztreonam have enhanced activity against

Pseudomonas

What is this

Aztreonam =monobactam

What is the prototype for Quinolones

Nalidixic Acid

What is the MOA of Quinolones

Bactericidal 

Inhibits DNA gyrase, Topoisomerase IV 

What position is the F in flouroquinolones

6 carbon

What is this

Flouroquinolone

What is important about R7 of flouroquinolones 

Controls GABA binding NSAID interaction 

What does R1 of flouroquinolones control

Phototoxicty

What part of Flouroquinolones is the metal binding and chelating site

The dicarbonyl functional group 

What part of flouroquinolones controles the gyrase and antibacterial potency 

The F 

What part of flouroquinolones is essential for gyrase binding and bacterial membrane transport

the dicarbonyl group

What functional groups do Macrolides contain

Desosamine which are amino sugars

Ester

Cladinose= methyl substituted amino sugar

What is this 

Erythromycin

what is this 

Azithromycin

Which macrolide doesnt contain a cladinose but instead has a imidazolyl and pyridyl ring through a butyl chain

Ketolide

What is this

ketolide

What is Fidaxomicin 

A narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic used for C diff

What is this

Fidaxomicin

Which Human MAb is used to treat c dif

Bezlotoxumab

What is this

Lincomycin

What does the structure of Aminoglycosides contain

Highly substiuted 1,3 diamino cyclohexane ring with glycosidic connections with aliphatic amines

What is this 

Streptomycin 

Which tetracycline is a glycylcycline and carries a glycylamido moiety 

Tigecycline 

Which drug causes grey baby syndrome

Chloramphenicol

Explain the structure of Eravacycline

Fully synthetic flourocycline with C7 F and pyrrolidinoacetamido

What is this 

Eravacycline

What drugs are used for Protozoal Infections

Metronidazole

Benzindazole

What are ways to overcome tetracycline resistance

Eravacycline and Tigecycline

What class of drugs is Metronidazole 

Nitro Imidazole class

What is this

Metronidazole

What is the use of nitrofurantoin

Orally adminstered and used to treat uncomplicated lower UTI

What is this structure 

Nitrofurantoin

What is Fosfomycin derived from

Phosphonic acid

What is this

fosfomycin

Can you use phosphate as a drug on its own 

No because its too water soluble 

What is the basic pharmacophore for Oxazolidneones

Oxazole a 5 membered heterocycle