unit 1 vocab and roots (ap bio)

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy, made of monosaccharides

Nucleic Acids

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses, made of nucleotides

properties of water

cohesive- creates surface tension; allows travel through tight knit spaces without energy

adhesive- allows it to stick to other molecules

Has high specific heat and high heat of vaporization

The universal solvent

water

Polar molecule (- charged oxygen end; + charged hydrogen end)

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars/carbs) that is common in the cell walls of many organismst is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; forms droplets in water, does NOT mix, NONPOLAR

Nonpolar

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

Carboxyl end

the end of a polypeptide chain that has a free carboxyl group ( oxygen double bonded to a carbon with a oxygen to hydrogen bonded)

Phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms with one double bond

Functional groups

specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule

Cofactor

A nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

Proteins

a macromolecule the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues (amino acids)

Nitrogen

used to build proteins and nucleic acids

Polarity

A lack of electrical symmetry in a molecule. Charge differences on opposite ends of a structure.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water. POLAR

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound (hydrophilic) to two fatty acids (hydrophobic) and a phosphate group (hydrophilic)

Amino end

The end of a polypeptide chain that has a free amino group.

Fatty Acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, makes up lipids

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

Carbon

used to build all 4 macros

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Phosphorus

necessary to make lipids and nucleic acids

Hydrogen bonding

Bonds between partial positive hydrogen atom and partial negative oxygen atom of another water molecule (dipole-dipole)

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDS

R group

the atoms attached to the central carbon (depends on which is included for characteristics)

Ionic

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, opposite charges

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two monomers covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes, a steroid, four ring structure and hydrophobic(nonpolar)

Coenzyme

an organic cofactor

Active Site

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Activation Energy

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

bio-

life, living

-ell

pertaining or adhering to

eu-

normal

pro-

before, forward

karyo-

the nucleus of a cell

an-

not, without, lacking, deficient

co-

with, together

electro-

electric or electricity

iso-

equal, same

neutr-

neutral

kilo-

one thousand

hydro-

water

phil-

affinity; preference; loving

phob-

fearing

enanti-

opposite (enantiomer: molecules that are mirror images of each other)

carb-

Carbon

sulf-

Sulfur

thio-

an oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom