Types of Processing (extra)

Poultry waste

• Broiler and layer litter has been used for many years.

• High nitrogen content

Deep Stacking

• Animal Waste Processing

• Several weeks for increased temperature to 160° F growth stopped at 80° F and killed at 145° F

• Used successfully for many years

• No documented animal health problems

Ensiling (fermentation)

• Animal Waste Processing

• CHO are converted to lactic, acetic and other acids

• Heat is generated killing pathogens

• Nutritive value is improved by blending with other feed ingredients such as cereal grains prior to ensiling and adjust to 40% moisture

• Residues from medicines and minerals may not be affected by ensiling so be cautious

• No disease problem from ensiling

Adding Fats

• type of processing

• Increases caloric density of ration

• improves palatability

• faciliatates absorption of vit. A & D

• Supplies Linoleic acid: animal body requires linoleic acid (all species; ruminant microbes can synthesis)

• delays hunger: fats require longer period in the stomach than CHO & protein

Ethoxyquin

• effective antioxidant

• under adding fats

Molasses

• type of processing

• 5 - 15% of diet it has about 75% energy value of corn

• Appetizer and controls dust

• In humid conditions should be limited to 5% of ration as mold can develop; Addition of Calcium propionate can control mold

Organic Preservatives

• type of processing

• Propionic and Acetic at 1 to 1.5 % at time of harvest to inhibit molds and bacteria

Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

• type of processing

• Rice, barley, oat straw; bagasse; tree bark; corn cobs; gin trash; newspaper; and seed hulls.

• In their natural state are poor feedstuffs because of lignin or silica or a combination of the two encrust the energy-rich CHO, cellulose, and hemicellulose and keeps microbes from breaking them down to release the energy.

• Must open up to permit digestion by microbes

• cost is high; used in high feed cost

Chemical Treatment

• Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

• Alkali – sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide

• Increases digestion of cell walls

• Increase energy digestibility by 10%

• Decreases nitrogen digestibility through heating effect. Therefore improved performance with added protein sources

• Used during WW I in Germany when critical shortages of animal feed occurred

Ammoniated

• Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

• Air-tight enclosure and adding anhydrous ammonia or liquid nitrogen; 3.0-3.5 % anhydrous and take about 20 days.

• Adds NPN

• No mineral residue such as chemical

• Increases CP by 3 - 10%

• Increases TDN and DE by 3 - 23%

• Increases animal intake

• Prevents molding

• Dangerous to use - VERY TOXIC

Hydrogen Peroxide

• Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

• Residue pH = 11.5 = mushy, then rinsed off and dried

• Can be used wet but quick

• Has better feed values than corn silage

• Too expensive and a patent is pending on the process

• Requires a lot of water

High Pressure Steaming

• Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

• Used with and without chemicals

• Aspen (wood) has been shown to have digestibility of up to 56%

• Sheep consumed at 60% of the ration (normal body weight gains and carcass traits)

Total Mixed Rations

• type of processing

• Makes greater efficiency in feeding and lessens sorting at feed bunk.

• Forces consumption of ingredients not highly palatable

• Can limit concentrate consumption

• Easier to get animals on full feed

• Easier to automate

• Provide better control of nutrient intake

• Species involved: Dairy, Beef Feedlot, Sheep, Chickens

• Swine

adding fats

• type of processing

• controls dust & fines

• lubricates equipments

• solidify in cold weather

• high levels cause pellet ot be soft

Added at the levels of:

• 5-10% swine & poultry

• 2-6% in ruminants

• lower consumption if exceeded

adding fats

• type of processing

degree of unsaturated fats important in availability of vitamins

• digestibility w/saturation

• relationship b/w degree of saturation & type of body fat formed; especially in monogastrics

• high levels of unsaturated fats produce soft pork

• cappuccino machines in dairy cows