Types of Processing (extra)

Poultry waste

- Broiler and layer litter has been used for many years.
- High nitrogen content

Deep Stacking

- Animal Waste Processing
- Several weeks for increased temperature to 160° F growth stopped at 80° F and killed at 145° F
- Used successfully for many years
- No documented animal health problems

Ensiling (fermentation)

- Animal Waste Processing
- CHO are converted to lactic, acetic and other acids
- Heat is generated killing pathogens
- Nutritive value is improved by blending with other feed ingredients such as cereal grains prior to ensiling and adjust to 40% moisture
- Residues from medicines and minerals may not be affected by ensiling so be cautious
- No disease problem from ensiling

Adding Fats

- type of processing
- Increases caloric density of ration
- improves palatability
- faciliatates absorption of vit. A & D
- Supplies Linoleic acid: animal body requires linoleic acid (all species; ruminant microbes can synthesis)
- delays hunger: fats require longer period in the stomach than CHO & protein

Ethoxyquin

- effective antioxidant
- under adding fats

Molasses

- type of processing
- 5 - 15% of diet it has about 75% energy value of corn
- Appetizer and controls dust
- In humid conditions should be limited to 5% of ration as mold can
develop; Addition of Calcium propionate can control mold

Organic Preservatives

- type of processing
- Propionic and Acetic at 1 to 1.5 % at time of harvest to inhibit molds
and bacteria

Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds

- type of processing

- Rice, barley, oat straw; bagasse; tree bark; corn cobs; gin trash;
newspaper; and seed hulls.
- In their natural state are poor feedstuffs because of lignin or silica or a combination of the two encrust the energy-rich CHO, cellulose, and
hemicellulose and keeps microbes from breaking them down to release the energy.
- Must open up to permit digestion by microbes
- cost is high; used in high feed cost

Chemical Treatment

- Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds
- Alkali – sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide
- Increases digestion of cell walls
- Increase energy digestibility by 10%
- Decreases nitrogen digestibility through heating effect.
Therefore improved performance with added protein sources
- Used during WW I in Germany when critical shortages of animal
feed occurred

Ammoniated

- Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds
- Air-tight enclosure and adding anhydrous ammonia or liquid
nitrogen; 3.0-3.5 % anhydrous and take about 20 days.
- Adds NPN
- No mineral residue such as chemical
- Increases CP by 3 - 10%
- Increases TDN and DE by 3 - 23%
- Increases animal intake
- Prevents molding
- Dangerous to use - VERY TOXIC

Hydrogen Peroxide

- Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds
- Residue pH = 11.5 = mushy, then rinsed off and dried
- Can be used wet but quick
- Has better feed values than corn silage
- Too expensive and a patent is pending on the process
- Requires a lot of water

High Pressure Steaming

- Type of Treatment of High Cellulose Feeds
- Used with and without chemicals
- Aspen (wood) has been shown to have digestibility of up to 56%
- Sheep consumed at 60% of the ration (normal body weight gains and carcass traits)

Total Mixed Rations

- type of processing

- Makes greater efficiency in feeding and lessens sorting at feed bunk.
- Forces consumption of ingredients not highly palatable
- Can limit concentrate consumption
- Easier to get animals on full feed
- Easier to automate
- Provide better control of nutrient intake
- Species involved: Dairy, Beef Feedlot, Sheep, Chickens
- Swine

adding fats

- type of processing

- controls dust & fines
- lubricates equipments
- solidify in cold weather
- high levels cause pellet ot be soft

Added at the levels of:
- 5-10% swine & poultry
- 2-6% in ruminants
- lower consumption if exceeded

adding fats

- type of processing

degree of unsaturated fats important in availability of vitamins
- digestibility w/saturation
- relationship b/w degree of saturation & type of body fat formed; especially in monogastrics
- high levels of unsaturated fats produce soft pork
- cappuccino machines in dairy cows