HMS: SKILL ACQUISITION, FEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGY

explanation of hereditary characteristic of learner

inherited from parents, may influence us towards specific sports based on their requirements eg. muscle fibre, type and height, aerobic capacity

explanation of confidence characteristic of learner

having an increased self belief, greater self esteem will see success as confidence grows, so does ability to move along the continuum of development

explanation of prior experience characteristic of learner

ability to transfer a skill set from one sporting context to another. Known technique and history leads greater success, e.g. rugby league to rugby union

explanation of ability characteristic of learner

ease of performance, movements seem effortless, smooth and technically flawless. A person with natural talent or ability will learn and process skills faster

explanation of personality characteristic of learner

Traits that are inevitable to likelihood of success include high work ethic, determination, resilience, patience and positive attitudes

cognitive skill acquisition definition (3)

characterised by mental processing, athlete develops a greater understanding of requirements to perform skill, e.g. child catching ball

• high error rate and movement is jerky or awkward 

• Distributed part practice is the best method of training

• Feedback and demonstrations are vital to progress

associative skill acquisition definition (2)

athlete actively performing skill, thought process graduated from body position and muscles involved to now about the end result, e.g. basketball dribbling

• athlete begin to recognise errors and correct themselves

• most athletes plateau at this stage and do not progress to autonomous

autonomous skill acquisition definition (3)

execution of skill is automatic. athlete has mastered the skill with minimal errors and high execution

• Coaching in this stage involves component of pressure to mimic games, simulated game like scenarios

• exhibit high levels of kinaesthetic sense, anticipation, consistency, technique

• E.g steph curry

open skill explanation

Those that occur in unstable and variable environment, e.g. includes surfing

closed skill explanation

Those that occur in a predictable and stable environment, e.g. indoor volleyball

gross skill explanation

Requires use of the large muscle groups that involve the whole body, e.g. swimming

fine skill explanation

Requires use of the small muscle groups and precise movements, e.g. darts

continuous skill explanation

Have no beginning or end points, repetitive movements, e.g. cycling

discrete skill explanation

Have a distinct beginning/end, can be linked and sequenced together, free throw

massed practice explanation

continuous practise session with the rest intervals being shorter than the practise intervals, more work, less rest, suitable for autonomous learners

distributed practice explanation

involves a broken practise session with the intervals of rest activities being longer than the practise intervals, works best when performers lack interest, task is difficult or causes fatigue

whole practice explanation

is applied when a skill is practiced in its entirety, e.g. golf swing. Best for skills that are tightly interwoven, best to practise as one motion

part practice explanation

applied when a skill is broken into smaller components and is practised separately, e.g. basketball layup

blocked practice explanation

each skill component is practised repeatedly as an independent block, is beneficial for, cognitive stage, in controlled environment allowing them to repeat/define execution

random practice explanation

many skills in same session, in unpredictable order, creates long term learning, ability to retain, e.g. soccer passing, penalty kicks

what is strategy

defined by long term goals and plans that athletes or teams put in place in order to achieve success, e.g. outpace a slower player

what is a tactic

smaller steps that athletes take in order to achieve the overall strategy, e.g. quick pass to outrun slow player

task intrinsic feedback

feedback is experienced through the execution of a skill, this information is received by accessing the body’s senses. e.g. Cricket batter sees ball, adjusts body to make contact with ball

augmented feedback

forms of external information, such as coach suggestions, video replays, judge scores or race results. e.g. coach videoing batter to anaylse movements to be modified

concurrent feedback

occurs throughout the execution of the skill, given by coach, teammates to improve the skill immediately, e.g. coach yelling hands up when defending player

what is personal identity

unique set of characteristics, qualities, attributes that distinguish individuals, play a role in how we respond in situations and decisions made, shaped by:

• values/ beliefs

• likes/ dislikes

• culture/ religion

• personal characteristics

intrinsic motivation

Comes from within, self driven. Highly effective as it doesnt rely on outside rewards. e.g. personal enjoyment, achieving goals, learning skills, personal satisfaction

extrinsic motivation

Comes from external factors. Common in competitive sport, can be powerful in encouraging participation, e.g. awards, money, sponsorship, admiration, feedback

self regulation explanation and 3 examples

The process of managing your thoughts, reactions and behaviours, and adapting them to be consistent in goals and ideas

• mental rehearsal

• concentration

• self talk

what is mental rehearsal

mentally practising an entire skill, routine or performance before performing it. Athletes think their movements, tactics, decision making and emotions

what is visualisation

mental technique where athletes create vivid images of themselves successfully performing skill or achieving outcome. based on the environment and feelings associated with real life