Canadian History Final Exam Review - 2024/2025

Nomadic life lead to..

lack of national government/political organization

KEY WORD: Native

indigenous peoples, First Nations people, aboriginals.

Stats of the Native Society

• 200,000-300,000 natives in Canada around the 1500s.

• at least 12 separate language families (Algonquin)

Biarni the Viking

Sailed west from Ireland and saw North America (986 AD)

where did Lief the Lucky come from & where did he go?

Sailed west from Greenland in 1000 AD and landed in either Newfoundland or New England.

What did Lief the Lucky do?

He established settlements that traded with Skraelings (Natives)

What is L’anse aux Meadows?

The only remaining proof of viking settlements in Canada, discovered in 1960.

John Cabot - 1400s

• Caboto - English

• Claimed Newfoundland for the English in 1497.

• Disappeared

Jaques Cartier - 1500s

• France - Gold

• Quebec City

• Kanata

• Kidnapped Iroquois chief and 2 sons

• Canadian diamonds

Samuel de Champlain - 1600s

• French/God

• New France

• St. Croix (failed)

• Port Royal

• Quebec City (1608)

What were the origins of fur trade?

Beaver furs made felt hats, which were the latest fashion in the 1500s in Europe, hence why they wanted to trade with the natives in Canada.

What is the importance of the fur trade?

• It gave an economic basis for New France

• Put money in the pockets of mother country, France

• Basis relationships between natives and newcomer Europeans.

KEY WORD: Coureurs du Bois

runners of the woods, who transported furs over long distances, adventures.

What did Radisson and des Groseillers do?

they tried to convince the governor of New France to support their fur business but it failed.

What did HBC do?

they tried to claim all kinds of land for itself in New France which caused all kinds of problems throughout the year.

What was the NWC before?

the St. Lawrence river fur trade, but was then taken over by the British in 1759.

When did the HBC and NWCo merge?

they merged into one company in 1821.

What are black robes?

black robes are French Catholic missionaries who were sent to reach the natives of New France

What did Black Robes wear?

the Jesuit Priests wore all black clothing.

What were the Filles du Roi?

Young girls and orphans woh were “exported” from Europe to New France

What was the role of Fille du Roi?

They were expected to feed and clothe the big families that they made there in New France.

Who were the Acadians? What were they named after?

The Acadians were French, but not part of New France. They were named after AKKAD, meaning “garden of gods”

What happened to the Acadians?

They were in the neutral zone, until Gov. Lawrence made them choose sides. Over 10,000 Acadians were kicked out.

What was the Seven Year War?

the Seven Year war was between the French and English in Europe and their colonies.

what were the 3 battle fronts that the English wanted to overwhelm the French with?

• Duquense

• Ticonderoga

• Louisberg

Where did Montcalm focus his attention on?

Ticonderoga, but he saw that New France was doomed.

Who was against who in the Plains of Abraham? Where were they?

Montcalm vs. Wolfe at Quebec City.

What happened within the first 15 minutes at the Plains of Abraham?

both leaders were mortally killed, and 1300 men were also killed.

What happened at the end of the Plains of Abraham?

The British seized control of Quebec city, and it indicated the end of the 7 year war.

What was the Quebec Act?

it was the guaranteed freedom of worship for the French, and it put back the French property laws. This allowed them to practice Roman Catholicism, and it restored the French Civil Law.

Who did not like the Quebec Act? Why?

The Americans did not like it. They did not like the fact that the British crown was favouring the French - Speaking Catholics other than their own Protestant colonists..

What was the problem between the French and English because of the Quebec Act?

The English had tried their best to get rid of the French, meaning that the Protestants were trying to get rid of the Catholics.

Who was at war during the American Revolution?

13 United Staes of America vs. Great Britain.

what was issued on July 4, 1776?

the Declaration of Independence.

What happened to the British after the American Revolution?

they were forced to surrender at Saratoga and Yorktown.

What did Benjamin Franklin want under the surrender conditions?

That they would keep Quebec, but British was able to keep Canada out of the deal.

What did the American Revolution break? What did it usher?

it broke the British Empire, and ushered an era of revolution where people demanded freedom.

What happened at the Invasion of Canada?

Montreal was occupied and the French were mistreated by the American invaders. Arnold tried to take Quebec City, but was not able to.

How many Loyalists left America?

Over 100,000 left, and moved to Quebec and Nova Scotia.

What provinces did the Loyalists eventually make?

New Brunswick and Cape Breton.

Who was against each other during the War of 1812?

England, Canada, Natives of Canada vs. United States of America.

What are the 4 reasons of war during the War of 1812?

• Impressment - kidnapping American sailors

• Forts - British would not leave their forts.

• Debts - Americans owed British a lot of money

• Bombings - British bombed American Stuff.

Who was Isaac Brock?

A military commander, strong allies with Tehcumseh.

What happened to Brock at Detroit?

They crossed the Detroit River with Tecumseh, and decided to attack immediately, causing the Americans to surrender

What happened to Brock at Queenston Heights?

Americans invaded, and Brock was awakened. He decided to attack immediately with no backup. He was shot in the chest, leading to immediate death.

What happened at the Burning of the White House?

British forces invaded the capital of Washington D.C. after a victory at Bladensburg, They captured the city, and proceeded to set majority of it on fire, including the White House.

How was America’s national anthem made?

British warships bombed Fort McHenry, and Francis Scott Key was on a ship, feeling anxious. By dawn, he saw the massive American flag flying over the fort, signalling U.S. victory.

What caused the Battle of Seven Oaks?

when Miles MacDonell bans pemican and export of food.

What happens at the Battle of Seven Oaks?

Cameron tells the Metis to destroy the settler’s things, and they fought the settlers.

who won the Battle of Seven Oaks? Why?

The Metis won, because they had more people

what were the end results of the Battle of Seven Oaks?

21 settlers and 1 Metis died in the end.

When did the Battle of Hong Kong happen?

From December 8-25, 1941.

Who was part of the Battle of Hong Kong?

U.K, India, Hong Kong, China, and Canada vs. Japan.

What happened in the Battle of Hong Kong?

6 hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbour, Japan attacked Hong Kong. This battle happened for 18 days, and in the end Hong Kong fell. The odds were in favour of the Japanese.

Why did the Battle of Hong Kong happen?

Hong Kong was part of the British, and its proximity and size made it easier for the Japanese to capture. Japan wanted to weaken the west, especially the US Pacific fleet. They used Hong Kong as a Naval and logistics base in the Western Pacific.

Who won at the end of the Battle of Hong Kong?

Japan won.

Who was part of the Korean War?

North Korea (communist government) and South Korea (democratic government)

What was the main cause of the Korean War?

North Korea wanted to take over South Korea

When did this war start?

it started on June 25, 1950, when the North crossed the 38th parallel

When did the Korean War end?

it officially ended on July 27, 1953, because of cease-fire negotiations beginning, and they signed the Armistice of Panmunjom.

What was Canada’s part in the Korean War?

Mid-February, units from Canada and other countries formed a Commonwealth Force, and by the end of March, Canadian troops were in Gapyong Valley. Here they helped the Americans retreat to safety and were rewarded a US Presidential Citation.

Voltaire dismissed the colony as…

a few acres of snow

Who was the father of New France?

Samuel de Champlain

When did New France officially become a royal colony?

1663

What was a Governor?

Responsible for carrying out the king’s orders

What was a Bishop?

responsible for overseeing missions, hospitals, and churches

What was an Intendant?

responsible for overseeing business, court roads, welfare, and day to day activities.

Who was Jean Talon?

The Great Intendant, responsible for the filles du roi.

What were Seigniors?

they were granted land from the king, and rented it.

What were Tenants?

Rented out the divided pieces of land, and was provided with a chapel, flour mills, etc.

Who was Nellie McClung

an adult educator for women’s rights

what group was Nellie McClung in?

The Famous Five

What abilities did Nellie McClung have that were used to improve Canadian women’s rights?

teaching, writing, and public speaking

What was the Winnipeg General Strike?

Significant labor action with 30,000 workers.

what sparked the Winnipeg General Strike?

Economic hardships and growing inequality

what happened on “Bloody Saturday”?

police clashed with protestors, causing injuries

What was the significance of the Winnipeg General Strike?

turning point in Canadian labour relations