Chapter 4: Growth, Diversity, and Conflict (1720-1763)

Tenancy

Rentership

Competency

The ability to keep one's household solvent and independent, with the ability to pass it onto the next generation

Household Mode of Production

Families swapping labor and goods

Squatters

Settlers settling on land illegally in hopes to eventually gain that land legally

Redemptioner System

A form of indentured servitude that allowed families to regulate their own terms on arrival

Enlightenment

A European cultural movement emphasizing the power of human reason to shape and understand the world (1685-1815)

Pietism

The Christian movement emphasizes a personal relationship with God

Natural Rights

The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Deism

The belief that a supreme being or grand architect created a world and allowed it to operate by natural laws on its own

Revival

The renewal of religious enthusiasm

Old Lights

Traditional conservative Christian ministers who condemned speaking in tongues, and the emotionalism of the Great Awakening

New Lights

Progressive Christian ministers who focused on emotionalism and passion

Consumer Revolution (late 1600s-1795)

When ordinary people in Britain and colonies begain buying more goods than ever

What was the result of the Consumer Revolution?

1. The world gained more access to European goods

2. Debt and recession within the colonies

Regulators (1763-1771)

The group of backcountry landowner vigilantes that demanded the eastern-controlled government give the western-controlled government more courts, fairer taxation, and more representation within the assembly

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

An early scientist who is the author of Principia Mathematica (1687), whose findings on the cosmos contradicted traditional Christian understanding on the cosmos

John Locke (1632-1704)

An English philosopher whose ideas were influential within Enlightenment, and the author of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Benjamin Frankin (1706-1790)

A founding father and deist, the author of the Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1757) and founder of the American Philosophical Society (1743)

Jonathan Edwards

A Piest-revivalist preacher during the First Great Awakening in Northhampton, Massachusetts. The author of A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737-1738)

George Whitefield

An English Piest-revivalist preacher who started the First Great Awakening, worked alongside Jonathan Edwards, and followed English Methodism

Tanaghrisson

One of two "half kings" sent by Iroquois to native settlement of Logstown. Recognized by British as leaders. Sparked war by killing a French officer after Washington was captured and his party fired on a French detachment

Willliam Pitt

The strategist of the British War for Empire, Prime Minister until 1783

Pontiac

The French-supporting Ottawa Chief

Hannah Heaton

A Connecticut farm wife who sought out equality-minded Quakers and Baptists

Marriage Portion

Land, livestock, farm equipment, or household goods given as marriage gifts to their children by eighteenth century parents. This was done to help children start life on their own, but parents expected children to repay the gift by taking care of them in their old age.

Marriage English Common Law (1700s)

1. No legal ownership of property to women

2. Dower to 1/3 of family's property

3. Men receive inheritances

Why was the Freehold Society in crisis?

1. Growing New England population

2. Arranged marriages

3. Increased fornication

4. Increase of the number of smaller farms

What conflicts did the Quaker Colonies, such as Pennsylvania, face?

1. Enormous land claims

2. Ordinary settlers vs. proprietors

3. Squatters

4. The Walking Purchase of 1737

5. Contested land titles from New Jersey

The Walking Purchase of 1737

An arrangement in 1737 in which the Lenni Lenape Indians agreed to cede to Pennsylvanian colonists a tract of land bounded by the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours; a team of swift runners who were hired to mark out the area far exceeded the amount that the Indians had anticipated.

Irish Test Act (1704)

Restricted voting and office holding to members of the Church of England

Print Revolution

Allowed for no media censorship in Britain (1695), which led to an increase in printing shops in Britain, and a transfer of literary forms such as poetry, ballads, and sermons

Great Wagon Road

A transportation road that stretched from Shenandoah Valley to the Caroline Backcountry

Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

1. Religous revival

2. Relationship with God vs. Rituals/Traditions

3. Social Impact: Old Lights vs. New Lights

4. Undermined legality of churches and tax-supported ministers

Presbyterian Revival (1743)

Founded by Samuel Morris and New Light Presbyterian Samuel Davies

Baptist Revival (1760s-1770s)

1. Baptists were radical Protestants, believing in adult baptism

2. Slaves welcomed, developed into African American Protestantism

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

Also known as the Seven Year War, due to the French and British wanting control over the Ohio River Valley in order to expand

What did the French and Indian War result in?

1. Britain won

2. Ended due to the Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Albany Congress (June 1754)

Led by Mohawk Leader Hendrick Peter S. Theganoguin to get the British to help the Iroquois more

The Great War for Empire (1754-1763)

1. British/Prussia vs. French, Spain, and Austria

2. Also known as the Seven Year War

Pontiac Uprising

Natives seized Fort Niagra, and Fort Pitt, along with killing 2,000 settlers

Paxton Boys (1763)

A group of Scots-Irish frontiermen who killed 20 Conestoga Indians for revenge because of the killing of Thomas Swindle

North Carolina Regulators (1766)

A group that emerged due to the economic recession and property reforms. They demanded lower legal fees, no taxes in the "produce of the century," and wanted more representation in the Assembly