4. Structure and properties of solids, liquids, gases

Capillary Pressure(Pc) (for a spherical bubble) FORMULA

Pc=4y/d, where y(gamma)= surface tension and d= diameter of the bubble

​To covert from kelvin to celcius

Temperature in Kelvin-273.15

To covert from celcius to kelvin

Temperature in celcius+273.15

Temperature difference of 100 K is the same as a difference of 100°C

size of a Kelvin degree is the same as a Celsius degree

Thermal Linear Expansion (Change in Length)(ΔL) FORMULA

ΔL=L₀αΔT L₀=original length, α= coefficient of thermal linear expansion and ΔT is the change in temperature

Thermal Linear Expansion (Final Length)

L=L₀(1+αΔT) L₀=original length, α= coefficient of thermal linear expansion and ΔT is the change in temperature

Combined gas law/ideal gas law formula

p₁v₁/t₁=p₂v₂/t₂ where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is absolute temperature (in Kelvin)

Deformation Laws

Describe how materials change shape under stress; include traction, pressure, and shear

Flexibility

Refers to a material's ability to deform, not a deformation law itself

Normal Tension/Stress

Force applied perpendicular to a surface, often called yield strength or tensile strength when pulling a solid body

Capillary Pressure

Pressure arising due to surface tension at the interface between two fluids in a confined space

Wetting

Describes how well a liquid spreads on a solid surface, dependent on adhesive vs. cohesive forces

Complete Wetting

Liquid spreads entirely, forming a zero contact angle

Does Not Wet Completely/Does Not Wet

Liquid beads up to some extent

Melting

Transition from solid to liquid

Crystallization

The opposite of melting; transition from liquid to solid

Sublimation

Transition from solid to gas

Condensation

Transition from gas to liquid

DE sublimation (Deposition)

Transition from gas to solid

Water Anomaly

waters density increases as it cools from 0 degrees to +4 degrees , reaches its max at 4 , the decreases below 4

Maxwell Curve

The graph of the distribution of gas molecules according to their speed

Molar Gas Constant (R)

A fundamental physical constant in the ideal gas law; does not depend on other constants like Stefan-Boltzmann, Rydberg, Boltzmann, or Planck constants

Van der Waals Equation

A modification of the ideal gas law that accounts for real gas behavior by considering finite volume of molecules and attractive intermolecular forces

Carnot Cycle

An idealized thermodynamic cycle with maximum efficiency, involving two isothermal and two adiabatic reversible processes

Isothermal Process

A thermodynamic process occurring at constant temperature

Isochoric Process

A thermodynamic process occurring at constant volume

Isobaric Process

A thermodynamic process occurring at constant pressure

Thermal Volume Expansion of Isotropic Body

Increase in volume due to thermal expansion, related to the thermal expansion coefficient and temperature change

Evaporation

Vaporization occurring at a liquid's surface, converting liquid to gas, can happen at any temperature below, at, or above the boiling point; does not occur in complete absence of surface tension

Fluids

Substances that continuously deform (flow) under applied shear stress, including liquids and gases (ideal liquids, ideal gases, real gases, rheological fluids)

Polycrystal

A solid material composed of many small crystals (crystallites) of varying orientation