aphg semester 2 final exam review

Administered Boundary

boundaries that are maintained or enforced by a government

Antecedent Boundaries

boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in

ASEAN

economic alliance aimed at improving development in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Brunei

Autonomous Region

an area which governs itself but is not an independent country

Balkanization

the fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines

Berlin Conference

a meeting (1884-1885) between European nations to divide Africa among them for colonization with the intent of preventing conflict over the process

Centrifugal Force

forces within a state that destabilize or weaken it

Centripetal Force

forces within a state that promote unity and national stability

Colonialism

the drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and its perpetuation

Contiguous Zone

zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

Cultural Boundaries

divide people according to some cultural division, such as language, religion, or ethnicity

Decolonization

the undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory

Defined Boundaries

boundaries established by a legal document (treaty) that divides one entity from another (invisible line)

Delimited Boundaries

boundaries drawn on a map by a cartographer

Demarcated Boundaries

boundaries identified by physical objects placed on the landscape (signs, walls, fences)

Devolution

the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level

Ethnic Separatism

the advocacy of full political separation (or secession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines

Ethnonationalism

support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group, especially its national independence or self-determination

European Union

economic alliance between European countries (1992) that established free trade and open borders and a common currency (Eurozone)

Exclusive Economic Zone

zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources

Federal State

state where there is a division in power between a central government and local territories/provinces/States

Geometric Boundary

boundary that follows a straight line or arc

Gerrymandering

redistricting in an unfair manner that gives advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength

Globalization

the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale

High Seas

ocean beyond the EEZ in which all states have equal access

Imperialism

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations

Irredentism

a movement to unite by people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary

Landlocked States

states without territory connected to an ocean

Multinational State

a state with two or more nations

Multi-state Nation

a nation living across states

Multiethnic State

a state with two or more ethnicities

NAFTA

economic alliance to gradually eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, Mexico - enacted in 1994

Nation

people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy

Nation-State

a state with a single nation

Nationalism

a nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own

NATO

military alliance formed after WWII between the US, Canada, and 26 European states to ensure mutual assistance in times of aggression

Neocolonialism

form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited

OPEC

supranational organization that aims to coordinate and unify its members' petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets

Physical Boundaries

natural barriers between areas (ex

Redistricting

when voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population

Relic Boundary

boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain

Self-Determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

Shatterbelt

region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region

Sovereignty

final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion

State

political unit with a permanent population, boundaries, sovereignty, and recognition by other states

Stateless Nation

a nation who don't have their own independent state

Superimposed Boundaries

boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders and ignores existing cultural groups

Supranationalism

political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty

Territorial Sea

zone of water adjacent to a state's coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty

Territoriality

expressed ownership over a defined space

Terrorism

organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in furtherance of political aims

UNCLOS

established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership, use of oceans and seas, and their resources

Unitary State

state that is governed as a single unit with a central top-down form of governance where local territories only have power that is granted by the central government

United Nations

union formed to promote international world peace and security after WWII, comprised of 6 principal organs that meet to decide on common issues and policies

USMCA

re-negotiated economic alliance between the US, Canada, and Mexico - enacted in 2020

Voting Districts

subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

WTO

one of the largest and most influential supranational organizations that aims to set fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade and ensure trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictably

climatic conditions

how weather affects agricultural practices and products

tropical climate

hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize,

Mediterranean climate

dry-summer climate that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, barley and prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, at South Africa's Cape and in parts of southwestern and southern Australia

market gardening

small scale food production (fruits/veggies) for sale at local markets

plantation agriculture

cash crops (cotton, coffee, sugar, tea) grown on large estates, usually for export; a legacy of colonization

mixed crop/livestock systems

combination of cash crops and livestock to complement land and labor demands across the year

shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings using a natural rotation system, the forest vegetation is cleared by cutting and burning, the result is a layer of ash that contributes to the soil's fertility, farmers move to another parcel of land when the soil becomes infertile

nomadic herding (pastoral nomadism/transhumance)

seasonal migration of domesticated livestock, usually fixed territory between highlands & lowlands

ranching

the business of raising livestock (cattle, sheep)

rural settlement patterns

clustered, dispersed, linear

long-lot survey system

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals giving each household equal access to water resources, reflects a particular approach to surveying that was common with French areas in America

metes and bounds survey system

survey of irregularly shaped tracts of land (does not conform to rectangular system of surveys), relies on descriptions of land ownership in reference to natural features such as streams, hills, trees, etc. that was common in English areas in America

township and range survey system

rectangular survey system used by the U.S. federal government to divide the land into a grid like pattern, designed by Thomas Jefferson to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

Fertile Crescent

hearth of early agriculture and early civilization (Cradle of Civilization) most credited with Southwest Asia (Tigris and Euphrates floodplains)

First Agricultural Revolution

dating back 10,000 years, when humans achieved plant and animal domestication

Columbian Exchange

facilitated the global diffusion of plants, animals, diseases, human population, culture, technology, and ideas

Globalization of Agriculture

improvements in transportation and communication technologies create a variety of goods offered year-round, when they traditionally were only available seasonally

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of food that started in the Middle Ages and THEN benefited from the Industrial Revolution with the use of machines and new technology

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society with the introduction of power driven machines in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and agriculture

Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

high yield seeds (hybrid and/or GMOs), increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming, and elaborate irrigation systems

subsistence agriculture

only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus to sell) and often land is held in common

commercial agriculture

the production of crops for sale (profit)

monoculture

growing one crop in a farm system at a given time

mono-cropping

growing one crop in a farm system year after year

multi-cropping

growing several crops in a farm system

bid-rent theory

theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market (CBD), the further from the center market (CBD), the lower the cost for a site, intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs, extension of the von Thünen model

agribusiness

a large-scale mechanized farming business that is controlled by corporate interests, agriculture is gradually being controlled by a small number of large corporations instead of many independent farmers

feedlots/Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

animals kept and raised in confined spaces and given hormones and/or antibiotics and/or fattening grains to prepare them for slaughter at a much quicker pace than traditional forms e.g. cattle, swine, poultry

commodity chain

activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution

economies of scale

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production, e.g. agribusiness v small family farm

von Thünen model

explains what economic activities are located where and why, explains the location of agricultural activities by emphasizing the importance of, transportation costs associated with distance from the market, describes what should be grown where in relation to the market, illustrates the relationship between land cost and transportation cost, distributes various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to concentric rings

global supply chain

a worldwide network to maximize profits in production

commodity dependency

highly dependent on one or more export commodities

global food distribution

networks that are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade

desertification

process by which fertile land becomes desert as a result of human activity (inappropriate agriculture/overgrazing)

soil salinization

process by which the amount of salt increases in the soil (irrigation)

land cover change

process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

pollution

process by which soil is contaminated by chemicals

conservation efforts of agricultural land

improve soil structure to protect against erosion and nutrient losses

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that are profitable, environmentally sound and good for communities

slash and burn (shifting cultivation)

clearing an area in a tropical forest for planting by burning the vegetation

terraces

flat steps are created on the sides of hills to create more land for farming

irrigation

artificial application of water to land for the facilitation of agriculture