chapter 10 - pulmonology: respiratory system

pulmonology

diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lower respiratory system and chest cavity

pulmonologists

treat cancer, infections, diseases and injuries of the lungs and pleura

thoracic surgeons

surgically treat conditions of the lungs and thoracic cavity

respiratory therapist

works with doctors to provide therapeutic respiratory care

all of the body’s cells must have. . .

a CONSTANT oxygen supply to produce ENERGY

inhalation/INSPIRATION

when the respiratory system brings fresh oxygen into the lungs

OXYGEN passes into. . .

the BLOODSTREAM

the blood DELIVERS. . .

the OXYGEN to the CELLS

the blood picks up. . .

CARBON DIOXIDE waste

exhalation/EXPIRATION

carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is removed from the body

aer/o

air

alveol/o

alveolus (air sac)

bronch/o

bronchus

bronchi/o

bronchus (other)

coni/o

dust

cyan/o

blue

diaphragmat/o

diaphragm

hal/o

to breathe

lob/o

lobe

mediastin/o

mediastinum

ox/i

oxygen

pleur/o

pleura

pneum/o

lung, air

pneumon/o

lung

pulmon/o

lung (other)

spir/o

breathing

thorac/o

chest

trache/o

trachea

tuss/o

cough

atel/o

incomplete

angi/o

vessel

cyt/o

cell

embol/o

plug

py/o

pus

endo-

within

endo- (other)

inner

eu-

normal, good

ex-

outward

hyper-

excessive

hypo-

below

hypo- (other)

insufficient

in-

inward

trachea (WINDPIPE)

the tube that carries air from the throat into the chest cavity

in the bronchi subdivide into. . .

SECONDARY and TERTIARY bronchi

eventually, SECONDARY and TERTIARY bronchi become. . .

very NARROW bonchioles.

alveoli are found. . .

at the END of BRONCHIOLES

alveolus

a thin-walled air sac where oxygen exchange occurs

bronchioles and alveoli are housed. . .

in the lungs

the lungs are. . .

paired organs in the THORACIC cavity.

the lungs’ primary function is to. . .

carry air to and from the ALVEOLI

the right lung has. . .

THREE lobes. (superior, MIDDLE, and inferior.)

the left lung has. . .

TWO lobes (superior and inferior)

pleura

double-layered membrane that forms a protective sac around the lungs

the PARIETAL pleura lines. . .

the THORACIC cavity

the VISCERAL pleura covers. . .

the LUNGS

pleural cavity

folds in the pleura that create a space between the two layers

acute/ADULT respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxia

aerosol therapy

medication suspended in a mist so that it may be inhaled

AEROSOL THERAPY is often delivered by a. . .

NEBULIZER or METERED-DOSE INHALER

antitussive

medication to relieve the urge to cough

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

laboratory test for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the blood

asphyxia/asphyxiation (SUFFOCATION)

lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and DEATH if not corrected immediately

common causes of asphyxia are. . .

drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract, poisoning and electric shock

aspirate

inhaling fluid or a foreign object intro the airways

asthma

disease caused by various conditions

the various conditions of asthma include:

allergies → bronchospasm, excessive mucus production, inflammation, airway constriction, wheezing and coughing.

atelectasis

condition in which lung tissue collapses, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bronchodilator

medication that causes bronchi to dilate

bronchogenic carcinoma

malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; often associated with a history of cigarette smoking

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

combination of external compressions on the sternum and rescue breathing to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of the lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest

chest x-ray

taking a radiographic image of the heart and lungs; may be an anterior. posterior, or lateral view

chronic obstructive pulmonary/LUNG disease (COPD/COLD)

progressive, chronic and usually IRREVERSIBLE condition in which airflow to and from the lungs is DECREASED; the patient may have severe DYSPNEA with exertion and cough

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

machine that supplies constant and steady air pressure through mask; keeps airways continuously open; common treatment for sleep apnea

crackles/RALES

abnormal rattling or crackling sound made during inhalation; caused by mucus or fluid in the airways

croup

acute viral infection in infants and children; symptoms include dyspnea and barking cough

cystic fibrosis (CF)

GENETIC condition that causes the patient to produce very THICK music resulting in SEVERE CONGESTION within the lungs and DIGESTIVE system

emphysema

PULMONARY condition with DESTRUCTION of alveolar walls leading to OVERINFLATED alveoli; can occur as a result of L long-term heavy SMOKING or exposure to AIR POLLUTION; characterized by dyspnea on exertion

endotracheal (ET) intubation

placing a tube through the mouth and into the trachea to maintain an open airway

expectorant

medication that improves the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract

heimlich maneuver

technique for removing a foreign body from the trachea or pharynx by exerting sharp pressure on the diaphragm

hyPERventilation

to breathe too QUICKLY (tachypnea) and too DEEPLY (hyperpnea)

hyPOventilation

to breathe too SLOWLY (bradypnea) and too SHALLOWLY (hypopnea)

hypoxia

having an insufficient amount of oxygen in the body

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)/hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

condition seen in PREMATURE infants whose lungs have not fully DEVELOPED; the lungs are not able to expand FULLY. causing extreme DIFFICULTY in breathing

influenza (flu)

acute viral infection of the airways; usually highly contagious

flu symptoms include:

chills, fever, body aches and dry cough

intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)

method of artificial ventilation using a mask connected to a machine that produces pressure to assist air to fill lungs

metered-dose inhaler

mechanism that delivers AEROSOL THERAPY mist, usually via a mask, over time as a person breathes

phlegm

thick mucus secreted by the mucous membranes lining respiratory tract; coughed out phlegm is called SPUTUM

pleural effusion

abnormal presence of fluid or gas in the pleural cavity; can be detected by tapping the chest (percussion) or listening with a stethoscope (auscultation)

pleural friction rub

crunching sound made when inflamed pleurae rub against each other; likened to sound of walking on fresh snow

pleurisy

inflammation of pleura

pneumonia

acute inflammatory condition of the lungs which can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals

pulmonary infiltrate

severe dyspnea and death can result when alveoli fill with fluid

pneumothorax

collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which can result in COLLAPSE of a lung

postural drainage

drainage of SECRETION from the BRONCHI by placing a patient in a position that uses GRAVITY to promote drainage; used for treatment of CYSTIC FIBROSIS and BRONCHIECTASIS

pulmonary angiography

injecting DYE into a blood vessel for the purpose of taking x-rays of arteries and veins of the lungs; diagnostic IMAGING test for pulmonary EMBOLISM

pulmonary edema

condition in which lung tissue retains an EXCESSIVE amount of FLUID; results in DYSPNEA

pulmonary embolism (PE)

blood clot or air bubble in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches; results in an infarct of lung tissue

pulmonary function test (PFT)

diagnostic procedure to assess respiratory function by using a spirometer to measure air flow and lung volumes; often performed by respiratory therapists