muscles of the axial skeleton

sternocleidomastoid

laterally flexes the neck ipsilaterally

rotates the head and neck contralaterally

bilaterally flexes the neck

scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

laterally flexes the neck ipsilaterally

rotates the head and neck contralaterally

bilaterally elevate the ribs

scalenes (anterior only)

bilaterally flex the head and neck

suprahyoid muscles are

mylohyoid

stylohyoid

geniohyoid

digastric

mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and geniohyoid functions:

elevate the tongue and hyoid

depress mandible (TMJ)

digastric functions

depress/retract mandible

elevate hyoid bone

Infrahyoid muscles include:

sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid

infrahyoid muscle functions

depress hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

anterior deep neck flexors include:

longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, rectus lateralis

longus capitis and longus colli functions

laterally flex head and neck ipsilaterally

rotate head and neck ipsilaterally

bilaterally flex the head and neck

rectus capitis anterior function:

flex the head and neck at the atlantooccipital joint

rectus lateralis function:

lateral flexion ipsilaterally at the atlantooccipital joint

superficial intrinsic back musculature includes:

splenius capitis

splenius cervicis

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis functions:

laterally flex the head and neck ipsilaterally

rotate the head and neck ipsilaterally

bilaterally extend the head and neck

erector spinae group includes:

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

spinalis, longissimus, illiocostalis functions:

laterally flex vertebral column ipsilaterally

bilaterally extend the vertebral column

the erector spinae group is considered

intermediate intrinsic back musculature

transversospinalis muscle group consists of:

semispinalis, multifius, rotatores

multifidus and rotatores functions:

rotate vertebral column contralaterally

multifidus, roratores, and semispinalis functions:

extend the vertebral column

the transversospinalis muscle group is considered

deep intrinsic back musculature

levator scapula function

laterally flex and rotate head ipsilaterally

bilaterally extend head and neck

deep neck muscles (suboccipitals) include:

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, oblique capitis superior, oblique capitis inferior

rectus capitis posterior major function

rock and tilt the head back into extension

rotate the head ipsilaterally at the atlantoaxial joint

rectus capitis posterios minor function

rock and tilt the head back into extension

oblique capitis superior

rock and tilt the head back into extension

laterally flex the head ipsilaterally

oblique capitis inferior

rotate the head ipsilaterally at the atlantoaxial joint

quadratus lumborum

laterally tilts the pelvis

laterally flex the vertebral column ipsilaterally

bilaterally fix the last rib during inhalation and exhalation

abdominal muscles consist of:

rectus abdominis

external obliques

internal obliques

transverse abdominus

rectus abdominus function

stabilize the lumbar spine for heavy lifting, defecation, and childbirth

external and internal oblique functions

laterally flex the vertebral column ipsilaterally

rotate vertebral column contralaterally

bilaterally flex the vertebral column

compress abdominal contents

transverse abdominus function

compresses abdominal contents

diaphragm function

draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm

increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

external intercostals

draw the ribs superiorly, increasing space of thoracic cavity during inhalation

internal intercostals

draw the ribs inferiorly, decreasing space of thoracic cavity during exhalation

serratus posterior superior

elevate the ribs during inhalation

serratus posterior inferior

depress ribs during exhalation

accessory muscles used in forced ventilation

sternocleidomastoid

scalenes

serratus anterios

trapezius

pectorals