Quiz 14 - Chapter 14 Micro

The second line of host defense, which includes inflammation and phagocytosis, is primarily

• Nonspecific and innate

Which organ is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes?

• Thymus

What are the three main pathways that activate the complement system

• Classical, MB-lectin, and alternative

What is another term for white blood cells, which are crucial for host defense?

• Leukocytes

Which of the following is considered a beneficial effect of fever in the body’s defense?

• It inhibits the multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms and speeds up immune reaction

Molecules on pathogens recognized by host immune cells are known as

• Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Which line of host defense is characterized by specificity and involves lymphocytes and antibodies?

• Third line of defense

What are substances that induce fever called?

• Pyrogens

What is the process where complement proteins (or antibodies) coat a pathogen, making it more easily recognized and engulfed by phagocytes?

• Opsonization

Which inflammatory mediator is responsible for vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

• Histamine

What is a primary function of the lymphatic system?

• Returning extracellular fluid to the circulatory system and providing immune surveillance

What component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?

• Erythrocytes

Which of the following represents the correct order of the three lines of host defense against pathogens?

• First, second, and third

What is the process called where all blood cells are produced in the bone marrow?

• Hematopoiesis

Which type of agranulocyte differentiates into macrophages upon entering tissues, where they perform phagocytosis?

• Monocyte

What process involves the chemical attraction of white blood cells to the site of infection or injury?

• Chemotaxis

Which of the following cell types are considered professional phagocytes?

• Neutrophils and macrophages

Which formed elements in blood are crucial for blood clotting?

• Platelets

What is the primary function of interferons (IFNs)?

• To interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells

What type of host defense mechanism is the skin, providing a physical barrier against pathogens?

• First line of defense

Which type of granulocyte is primarily involved in allergic reactions and defending against parasitic worm infections?

• Eosinophil

How do interferons (IFNs) primarily protect neighboring cells from viral infection?

• By signaling to nearby cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that block viral replication

What is a key purpose of the inflammatory response?

• To mobilize and attract immune components to the sit of injury or infection, and to set up mechanisms to repair tissue damage

The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is a structure formed by the complement system that primarily functions to

• Lyse target cells by forming pores in their membranes

What is the structure formed when a phagosome (a vesicle containing engulfed material) fuses with a lysosome?

• Phagolysosome

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

• Redness, heat, swelling, pain

What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?

• Complexes of protein and DNA released by neutrophils to trap and kill pathogens extracellularly

What is the term for the migration of white blood cells out of blood vessels into tissues during inflammation?

• Chemotaxis

Which type of granulocyte is the most numerous white blood cell and is highly phagocytic, being an active engulfing and killing agtn of bacteria?

• Neutrophil

What type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

• Plasma cells