Chapter 1: Cells Fundamental Units of Life

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Last updated 7:51 PM on 9/10/26
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29 Terms

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Cells Fundamental of Life

  • All life is cells

  • Come in different shapes/sizes

  • Viruses are NOT alive


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Sizes

  • Tiny cells!

  • Cells are measured in μm micrometers

  • “μm = micron”


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Light Microscope

  • magnify x1000, as small as 0.2 μm

  • See CELL, but NOT really organelles

  • Specially prepped


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Light Microscope STEPS

  1. Light

  2. Condenser

  3. Specimen

  4. Objective

  5. Eye piece

  6. Eye


<ol><li><p>Light</p></li><li><p>Condenser</p></li><li><p>Specimen</p></li><li><p>Objective</p></li><li><p>Eye piece</p></li><li><p>Eye</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Confocal Microscope

  • laser beam scope (concentrated light)

  • specimen must be prepped beforehand

  • looks fluorescent, glowy


<ul><li><p>laser beam scope (concentrated light)</p></li><li><p>specimen must be prepped beforehand</p></li><li><p>looks fluorescent, glowy</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Electron Microscope

  • see to the nm (nanometer); see ORGANELLES

  • Very detailed!


<ul><li><p>see to the nm (nanometer); see ORGANELLES</p></li><li><p>Very detailed!</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Prokaryote

  • “OG cell”

  • Diverse!

  • NO organelles

  • Live anywhere! (Extremophiles)

  • Bacteria or Archaea


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Eukaryote

  • BIGGER & faster

  • MORE COMPLEX

  • Some are single-celled…

  • Get into groups & talk = multicellular!

    • Living things are cells holding hands together

  • Evolved as a predator

  • Molecular Cooperation major breakthrough!


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Nucleus

  • DNA stored INSIDE

  • Nuclear membrane is the “double membrane”

    • protects


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Ribosomes

  • Protein complex

  • Comprised of 80-90 molecules that CATALYZE translation!

  • Messenger RNA to protein

    • make new proteins needed to keep working!


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Mitochondria

  • “Powerhouse of the cell”

  • Oxidize food molecule → generate ATP

    • “Cellular respiration”

  • Contains own DNA


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Mitochondria Lore

  • Thought to have been evolved from bacteria!

    • Anaerobic pre-eukaryotic cells saw bacterial plasma membrane (mitochondria) get digested by the big guy (eukaryotic cell)

    • Symbiotic relationship

  • Endo-symbiote


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Chloroplasts

  • Green organelles found in plants/algae

  • Photosynthesis

  • Plants have BOTH mitochondria & chloroplasts

  • Endo-symbiote


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Chloroplasts Lore

  • Also evolved from bacteria!

  • Basically same as mitochondria, but instead a photosynthetic bacterium


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Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • “Highway”

  • Moves proteins along the cell

  • Rough

    • ribosome coated, makes proteins to be secreted

  • Smooth

    • lipid synthesis


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Golgi body

  • “Post-office”

  • Sorts outs for different parts of the cell


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Lysosomes

  • “Stomachs”

  • Break down & recycle food


<ul><li><p>“Stomachs”</p></li><li><p>Break down &amp; recycle food</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Peroxisomes

  • “Safehouse”

  • Drive idea of organelle

  • Creates H2O2, disposes H2O2

  • Contained environment for H2O2 reactions

    • Bubbles are violet explosions to baby cells!


<ul><li><p>“Safehouse”</p></li><li><p>Drive idea of organelle</p></li><li><p>Creates H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, disposes H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></p></li><li><p><strong>Contained environment for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>reactions</strong></p><ul><li><p>Bubbles are violet explosions to baby cells!</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Cytoskeleton

  • Organize

  • Shape

  • Movement

  • Complex

  • In and out!


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Esherichia Coli

  • E.coli

  • Prokaryote

    • NO nucleus

  • Known the most thoroughly!

    • genome fully memorized

  • Used in lab most

  • Divides fast


<ul><li><p><em>E.coli</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Prokaryote</strong></p><ul><li><p>NO nucleus</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Known the most thoroughly!</p><ul><li><p>genome fully memorized</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Used in lab most</p></li><li><p>Divides fast</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  • S. cerevisiae

  • YEAST

  • Rapid division

  • Drug making

  • Single-celled eukaryote


<ul><li><p><em>S. cerevisiae</em></p></li><li><p>YEAST</p></li><li><p>Rapid division</p></li><li><p>Drug making</p></li><li><p><strong>Single-celled eukaryote</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Arabidopsis thaliana

  • Common Wall Cress plant!

  • Produce thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks!

    • easy growthand in the indoors and lab

  • Complete DNA sequence known


<ul><li><p>Common Wall Cress plant!</p></li><li><p>Produce thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks!</p><ul><li><p>easy growthand in the indoors and lab</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Complete DNA sequence known</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Drosophila melanogaster

  • Fruit fly

  • Learned a lot of genomes from them!

    • x & y

    • gene interactions

    • DNA → proteins

  • Shown to trace cause and effect from DNA to adult multicellular organism


<ul><li><p><strong>Fruit fly</strong></p></li><li><p>Learned a lot of genomes from them!</p><ul><li><p>x &amp; y </p></li><li><p>gene interactions</p></li><li><p>DNA → proteins</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Shown to trace cause and effect from DNA to adult multicellular organism</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Caenorhabditis elegans

  • Tiny worm! (Nematode)

  • Microscope

  • ONLY organism with brain fully mapped!

    • Understand programmed cell death now!

  • Develops good, 959 body cells

  • Alch studies at VCU


<ul><li><p>Tiny worm! (Nematode)</p></li><li><p>Microscope</p></li><li><p><strong>ONLY organism with brain fully mapped!</strong></p><ul><li><p>Understand programmed cell death now!</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Develops good, 959 body cells</p></li><li><p>Alch studies at VCU</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Danio Rerio

  • Zebrafish!

  • Transparent body for early weeks of life, SEE development

  • Show how drugs can affect growing


<ul><li><p><strong>Zebrafish!</strong></p></li><li><p>Transparent body for early weeks of life, <strong>SEE development</strong></p></li><li><p>Show how drugs can affect growing</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Mus musculus</p>

Mus musculus

  • Mouse/mice!

  • Brains/physiology similar to humans

  • Have friends/social relations!

    • how drugs affect social relationships

  • Easy to genetically modify to have a disease!


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Homo sapien

  • Human

  • 100% drugs/prescriptions are tested by humans!

    • clinical trials with phases

  • MOST important


<ul><li><p><strong>Human</strong></p></li><li><p>100% drugs/prescriptions are tested by humans!</p><ul><li><p>clinical trials with phases</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>MOST important</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Primary Cell Culture

  • Isolated from LIVE organism, behave like regular cells

  • Limited life span


<ul><li><p>Isolated from LIVE organism, behave like regular cells</p></li><li><p>Limited life span</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Immortalized Cell Line

  • 1st done

  • Type of CANCER Cells

    • grow & divide rapidly! (all they do)


<ul><li><p>1st done</p></li><li><p>Type of <strong>CANCER </strong>Cells</p><ul><li><p>grow &amp; divide rapidly! (all they do)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>