APUSH - Period 5 (1844-1877)

Annexation of Texas (1845)

• Texas declares independence from Mexico

• Mexico wanted to improve the land of Texas so invited Americans to live on their land and cultivate it

• American quickly outnumbered Texans and in 1834 they ask for statehood, Mexico says no

• President of Mexico makes a constitution for all parts of Mexico including Texas

• whites respond with army, Mexicans kills all of them except 3 and Battle and battle of San Jacinto ensures

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

• following the annexation of Texas, Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas as independent

• arguments between US and Mexico about boarders and Texas

• Ulysses Grant describes it as one of the most unjust wars ever, a power nation waging war against a weaker nation

• Capture of California, California belong to Mexico and the US occupied California during the Mexican-American war and declared themselves independent and America recognized them

Manifest Destiny

• say US was divinely ordained to expand across the entire North American continent

• people journey to the boarder of the US

• boarder of the US expands from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1898)

Mexico grants California, Utah, New Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona to US

Native populations destroyed in California, children sold as slave in the courts

Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861)

• nicknamed “Mini Civil War”

• went against the Missouri Compromise and put Kansas up for slavery

• people traveling from south to vote for Kansas slave state, people traveling from New England to vote against Kansas as a slave state

• John Brown who hated slavery slashed people w machetes, gun fire on both sides

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

replaced the Missouri Compromise which previous banned slavery in these areas, and allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to vote for slavery or not

Slavery/Slave Resistence

• did not want the slaves to read [the Bible] or write

• did not want them to know about other rebellions (like the Haitian Revolution)

• everyday slave resistance growing by the slaves refusing to work, poisoning food, playing dumb, breaking tools, feigning illness

• about 100,000 fled to freedom

• Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made it a crime to help runaway citizens and had to help return the slaves to their enslavers

Slavery/Slave Resistance - Nat Turner

• used his biblical knowings to grow an audience

• facilitated a death march in 1831

• killed his own master

• a result was the massacre of any slaves thought to be involved

• new and stricter slave laws were passed

Civil War causes (1861-1865)

• increased tensions between the North and the South on slavery

• South wanted expansion of slavery

• Kansas-Nebraska Act & Bleeding Kansas

• The Gag Rule (Period 4, 1836-1844) prevented the US Rep House to discuss slavery and stunting growth in the abolitionist movement

Abolitionist movement

political and social effort to end slavery, focused also on ending the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

• key figures like William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society, their goal was to immediate and unconditionally abolish slavery

Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)

declared that enslaved people were not citizens and could not sue the federal government

Civil War (1861-1865)

• conflict between Union (north) and Confederate (south)

• began with Confederate attack on Fort Summer, ended with Confederate surrender

• resulted in 620,000 deaths and much of the South in ruins

• the Emancipation Proclamation was released by Abraham Lincoln and declared the slaves in Confederate territories free, strategic wartime effort

• led to abolition of slavery, 13th Amendment

• 15th Amendment made it unconstitutional to deny the right to vote on the basis of race

• 14th Amendment, anyone born in the US is a US citizen by default

Why was the Civil War important?

• racial

• also mirrored what wars would like in the future because of the technological advancements of weaponry

• began the idea of fortifications because you had to hide from enemy gun fire

• vast number of casualities

White Supremacist, Reconstruction era (1865-1877)

• fail

• aimed to rebuild the South after the Civil War

• Jim Crow laws, legalized racial segregation in public spaces, housing, and education

• used literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent Black people from voting

• KKK, white supremacist groups using violence and intimidation to target black and white Republicans

Federal, Reconstruction era (1865-1877)

• success

• work of the federal government to integrate the South back into the Union after the war

• increased political, economic, and educational opportunities for black community

Reconstruction in the South - sharecropping

• post-Civil war South

• labor system where landowners provided land, housing, and supplies to farmers and they agreed to share their harvest with the landowner

• originally was that black workers could work in the fields if they signed a contract that bound them to the plantation and gave the plantation owners rights to demand any amount of labor from them, became less extreme and gave way to share cropping

Freedman’s Bureau

US federal government agency established in 1865 during Reconstruction to aid newly freed slaves and help poor whites

14th Amendment

anyone born on US soil is a US citizens

13th Amendment

the official end of slavery

15th Amendment

You cannot deny someone the right to vote based on race or previous servitude

Nativism Movement (1844-1877)

• occured in response to increasing Irish and German immigration, concerned about these immigrants economic and political impact

• led to the Know-Nothing party which aimed to reduce immigration and restrict the rights of immigrants

Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln gave slaves freedom in states within the Confederacy during the Civil War

Fort Sumter

where the Civil War began in April of 1861

The Wilmot Proviso

• proposed amendment that would have prohibited slavery in any territory acquired by the US from Mexico after the Mexican-American War

• introduced by Congressman David Wilmot in 1846

• divided Congress

Reconstruction in the South - KKK

lynched black folks, burned black buildings, controlled local politics through intimidation

Reconstruction in the South - Black Codes

• blacks could not borrow money to buy or rent land

• could not testify against black people

• racial segregation

Why did Reconstruction end?

the Election of 1876 between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B Hayes and many Northerners became interested in the industrial development than the race problem

Election of 1876

• neither Samuel Tilden or Rutherford B Hayes gained enough electoral votes

• South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida had to vote and both parties voted equally so they made a commission

• this commission had majority Republicans on it so they choose Hayes

• Democrats angry

Compromise of 1877

• Democrats agreed to let Hayes have the win but the federal troops had to be removed from the South