Criminology chapter 5-8

Why were the early theories presented by Cesare Lombroso and his contemporaries considered invalid?

The research methods were questionable

The view that human behavior is motivated by biological urges to survive is ________.

Sociobiology

What was the reason that trait theory was ignored for many years?

Criminologists did not want to suggest that personal differences were responsible for crime

Contemporary trait theorists suggest that _________________.

Each offender is physically and mental unique

Which model supposes a direct link between traits and crime?

Individual vulnerability

The model which supports the belief that there is an indirect association between traits and crime is the ________.

Differential susceptibility model

Researchers have found that certain chemicals and minerals, such as iron, caffeine, mercury, and amino acids, can lead to ________.

Antisocial behaviors

Most researchers have found that, in comparison to a student with a healthy diet, a high school student who drinks soft drinks everyday and eats large amounts of candy ________.

Is more likely to engage in violent behaviors

Hormone-related studies have found that ________.

PMS causes some women to be more prone to hostility

A developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, along with impulsivity and restlessness, is evident in children with ________.

ADHD

Adolescents' attachment to their parents may be controlled by their ________.

Genetic makeup

The significant association between parental and child deviance levels ________.

May indicate that environmental or genetic factors contribute to crime

Genetic influences have been found to be strongest for which type of offenders?

Chronic

The major premise of the _______ theory is that criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.

Neurological

The study of the psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) explanation of personality originated with which researcher?

Sigmund Freud

A lack of attachment to other people has been found to cause ________.

Problems with mental health

Which theory supports the view that all human behavior is learned through a process of social reinforcement?

Social learning theory

A youth who engages in violent behavior after playing violent video games and idolizing the characters in those games is an example of which type of behavior?

Modeling

People who are raised in a household where the father beats the mother may believe that violence is a stable behavior. This prolonged exposure to violence can lead to ________.

Improper scripts

The psychological theory of crime that has its research focus on perception and environmental influences is the ________ theory

Cognitive

A criminal who hears voices that tell him to murder would be classified as ____________.

A psychopath or sociopath

Researchers believe that experiencing an unstable parent, parental rejection, lack of love during childhood, and inconsistent discipline may cause ________.

Antisocial personality disorders

Which theory would suggest that children have IQ scores similar to those of their parents?

Nature theory

Which theory supports the belief that IQ scores are influenced by environmental factors?

Nurture theory

Why should the link between crime and mental illness be interpreted with caution?

Only a small minority of seriously mentally ill people commit violent crime.

America is a society stratified by social status and level. What is the basis of this grouping?

Economic class and wealth

_______ make up the largest percentage of the poor in America.

Children

What types of economic and social disparities create disadvantages for the minority underclass to be successful?

High unemployment and non traditional family structures

The assumed societal privilege that benefits some people and provides them with opportunities not available to others under the same social, political, or economic circumstances is known as ________.

White privilege

Black males between the ages of 20 and 34 are imprisoned at a ratio of _____ to _______.

1, 9

The view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime is called ________.

Social structure theory

The branch of social structure theory that sees crime as a function of the conflict between people's goals and the means available to obtain them is ________.

Strain theory

The branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family, school, and employment is called ________.

Social disorganisation theory

Which of the following statements is true?

Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have not erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.

If a locality is unable to provide essential services, such as education, health care, and proper housing, and as a result experiences significant levels of unemployment, single-parent families, and families on welfare, it would be characterized as _______________________.

Disorganised

Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of which two Chicago sociologists?

Shaw and McKay

Which statement is not true?

The strain and frustration inflicted by success is a cause of crime

Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis confirmed that even though crime rates changed, the highest rates were always in which zones?

Zones 1 and 2

______ is a purer form of structural theory that emphasizes the association of community deterioration and economic decline with criminality but places less emphasis on value conflict.

Social ecology theory

What is the relationship between fear and crime?

Fear is often based on experience: People living in areas with especially high crime rates are most likely to experience fear.

The concentration effect takes place when which of the following occurs?

Working-class and middle-class families flee inner-city, poverty-ridden areas, and the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos.

Social control exerted by cohesive communities and based on mutual trust, including intervention in the supervision of children and maintenance of public order, is known as ________.

Collective efficacy

__________ is the view that socially defined goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated, but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) is stratified by class and status.

Anomie theory

Which of the following is not one of Thomas Merton's mode of adaptations?

Retribution

Alex, lives in a neighborhood known for its high crime rate. Much of the crime is attributed to gangs vying for control of turf to sell drugs. Even though Alex has proven to be a good student and understands that education can be valuable, he recognizes that he can earn more money quickly by selling drugs. Merton's anomie theory would argue that Alex's mode of adaptation is _____.

Innovation

_____________ is the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to produce criminality.

General strain theory

Which of the following is not a negative affective state of strain according to Agnew?

Removal of negative stimuli

_________ combines the effects of social disorganization and strain to explain how people living in deteriorated neighborhoods react to social isolation and economic deprivation.

Cultural deviance theory

James, an inner-city, 15-year-old, African-American male, understands that successfully navigating on the streets of his neighborhood means he must be tough and smart. Living in a single-parent home headed by his mother, who works 50 to 60 hours a week keeping the family of four fed, she has done her best to instill family values in him. While he respects his mother's efforts, street values are more important for him. Being respected is ultimately important to him as well. James might be said to adhere to which of the following?

The code of the streets

The view that lower-class youths, whose legitimate opportunities are limited, join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals is known as ________.

Differential opportunity

According to social process theories, family relationships have ________.

A major impact on criminal behavior

The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them is called ________.

Parental efficacy

What is the trend associated with current national dropout rates?

There has been a decline in dropout rates.

The _____ system used in schools to determine who is capable of going to college contributes to the stigmatization of students.

Track

National surveys have found that ____ of LGBTQ students experience verbal harassment.

More than 80 percent

Based upon research on religion and crime, which person would be least likely to engage in criminal activity?

a person who is active in church services and groups

Which theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through the interaction with other people?

differential association

Exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions or right and wrong, may lead to ________.

culture conflict

If a parent spanks a child in an effort to stop a problem behavior, which technique are they using?

Negative reinforcement

When a person acts in a delinquent manner sometimes and then in a conventional manner other times, it is referred to as ________.

Drift

A child steals a chocolate bar from a store and justifies if by saying that the store will not even notice it missing. This is an example of ________.

Denial of injury

Which theory of crime was written by Sykes and Matza?

Neutralization theory

People who obey the rules of society because they are afraid to jeopardize their reputation are ________

Committed to conformity

Which of the following is one of Hirschi's elements of a social bond?

Involvement

Which theory would support the notion that if a child is on a sports team, taking piano lessons, and never misses school, they would be unlikely to engage in delinquency?

Social control theory

In his theory of ______, Howard Becker argued that stigma producing events led to criminal careers

Social reaction

The social reaction theory (labeling theory) would suggest that if a child commits a nonviolent first offense, ________.

diversion programs should be used to keep the child out of the formal system

Norm violations, or crimes that have little influence on the actor, and can be quickly forgotten are called ________

Primary deviance

The cumulative nature of labeling may lead some offenders to become ________.

Career criminals

Racial profiling is an example of ________.

Differential enforcement

It is evident that policy makers support social process theories, as there ________.

Are many diversion programs

Programs which are designed to strengthen the bond between parent and child are based on which theory?

Control theory

Programs designed to keep offenders out of the formal criminal justice system are ________.

Diversion programs

Treatment programs which work to improve a person's self image are linked to _______________.

Labeling theory

Which sentence allows the offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community?

Restitution

Which philosopher is credited with beginning the work on critical criminology?

Karl Marx

The widening gap between rich and poor is referred to as ___

Income inequality

Current trends in criminal justice system which support longer incarcerations, tough drug laws, and the death penalty can be compared to ____

Past laws which segregated minorities

The separation section of critical criminology that focuses on war crimes and crimes against humanity is ____

supranational criminology

During economic downturns, many people who previously help management positions are forced to accept minimum wage-positions and move to low-income housing. Critical criminologist refer to this phenomenon as ___

marginalization

The development of transnational markets, politics, and legal systems is referred to as ____

Globalization

How can indigenous people with traditional lifestyles be harmed by globalization?

Globalization may result in reduction sin government regulations and protections

When a political official commits an illegal act to further his other job, criminologists would refer to this as ____

state-organized crime

Edward Snowden, who fled to Russia, released documents that showed that the US government was involved in ____

Illegal domestic surveillance

The United States, specifically though the CIA, takes advantage of prisons in other nations to ____

Wreaked the resolve of terror suspects in prisons with brutal conditions.

Death squads are often made up of ____

police officers

Which theory suggests that the law and criminal justice system are used by capitalists to dominate the lower class?

Instrumental theory

Which hypothesis states that, as the number of minority group members in a community increases, the more punitive the police become?

racial threat hypothesis

Which approach views crime as a function of relative deprivation under capitalism?

left realism

____ deterrence is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate crime before police involvement becomes necessary.

Preemptive

The fact that women earn less money for the same work done by a man is an example of ____

Patriarchy

Critical feminists believe that sexual and other victimization of girls is a function of ____

male socialization

The power control theory presents the idea that crime rates are a function of two factors:

Class position and family functions

A family with a stay at home mother and a father who is the primary breadwinner is referred to as a ____

Paternalistic family

in a family where both parents work at similar status jobs, girls ____

Commit equal amounts of crime as their brothers

What approach considers punitive crime control strategies to be counter productive and favors humanistic conflict resolution to control crime?

peacemaking

Which theory explains gender differences in the crime rate as a function of class and gender conflict?

power-control theory

____ may be implemented when an offender meets with community members, the victims, and criminal justice personnel to work out a solution that will bring the offender back into the community

restorative justice

One of the key foundations of the restoration movement is ____

shame

Which peacemaking technique bring together offenders, victims, and other community members to formulate a sanction?

sentencing circle