1010u - anat & phys I

anatomy

studies form & composition of body’s structures

physiology

explains how structures work together

structural organization of the human body (6)

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level

chemical level

structural organization

atoms bond forming molecules with 3D structures (ex. H or O atoms)

cellular level

structural organization

molecules combining to form fluid and organelles of a body cell

tissue level

structural organization

group of similar cells forming body tissue (ex. smooth muscle tissue)

organ level

structural organization

two+ different tissues combining to form organ (ex. bladder)

organ system

structural organization

two+ organs working to perform functions of a body system (ex. urinary tract system)

organismal level

structural organization

organ systems working together to perform functions of independent organism

organ systems of the body (11)

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male & female reproductive

integumentary system

organ systems

• encloses internal body structures

• site of sensory receptors

skeletal system

organ systems

• supports body

• allows movement (w/ muscular system)

muscular system

organ systems

• allows movement

• help maintain body temp

nervous system

organ systems

• detects & process sensory info

• activates bodily responses

endocrine system

organ systems

• secretes hormones

• regulates bodily processes

cardiovascular system

organ systems

• delivers O & nutrients to tissues

• equalizes temp in body

lymphatic system

organ systems

• returns fluid to blood

• defends against pathogens

respiratory system

organ systems

• removes CO2 from body

• delivers oxygen to blood

digestive system

organ systems

• process food for use

• removes waste from undigested food

urinary system

organ systems

• controls water balance

• remove waste from blood (excretion)

male reproductive system

organ systems

• deliver gametes to female

• produce sex hormones & gametes

female reproductive system

organ systems

• support embryo/fetus

• produces milk

• produce sex hormones & gametes

anatomical position

body upright / feet at shoulder width & parallel / toes forward / upper limbs out / palms facing forward

prone

face-down orientation

supine

face-up orientation

anterior / ventral

directional term

front of body

posterior / dorsal

directional term

back of body

superior / cranial

directional term

above / higher than another part of body proper

inferior / caudal

directional term

below / lower than another part of body proper

lateral

directional term

toward side of body

medial

directional term

toward middle of body

proximal

directional term

closer to point of attachment (center)

distal

directional term

farther from point of attachment (center)

superficial

directional term

on / closer to surface of body

deep

directional term

far from / deep within surface of body

body planes (4)

sagittal
frontal
transverse / horizontal
oblique

sagittal plane

body plane

divides body into right & left sides

frontal plane

body plane

divides body into front (anterior) & back (posterior)

transverse plane

body plane

divides body into upper & lower parts

oblique plane

body plane

divides body at an angle

body cavities

dorsal (posterior) cavity
ventral (anterior) cavity

dorsal (posterior) cavity

body cavity

contains cranial & spinal cavity

cranial cavity

division of dorsal (posterior) cavity

houses brain

spinal cavity

division of dorsal (posterior) cavity

houses spinal cord

anterior (ventral) cavity

body cavity

contains thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

division of anterior (ventral) cavity

• enclosed by rib

• contains lungs & heart

• floor formed by diaphragm

abdominopelvic cavity

division of anterior (ventral) cavity

• houses digestive organs & pelvic cavity

• largest cavity

serous (serosa) membrane

anterior (ventral) cavity

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction

serous membranes

pleura
pericardium
peritoneum

layers of serous membranes

parietal layer
visceral layer

parietal layer

serous membranes

lines walls of body cavity

visceral layer

serous membranes

covers organs / viscera

pleura

serous membranes

encloses pleural cavity - surrounds lungs

pleural cavity

serous cavity

reduces friction between lungs & body wall

pericardium cavity

serous cavity

reduces friction between heart & wall of pericardium

peritoneal cavity

serous cavity

reduces friction between abdominal and pelvic organs & body wall

pericardium

serous membranes

encloses pericardial cavity - surrounds heart

peritoneum

serous membranes

encloses peritoneal cavity - surrounds several organs in abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal quadrants

right upper quadrant (RUQ) / left upper quadrant (LUQ)

right lower quadrant (RLQ) / left lower quadrant (LLQ)

homeostasis

ability to maintain or restore an environment at a certain level

sensor / receptor

detects & reacts to any changes from normal

effector

analyzes / integrates info & if needed, initiates specific action

stimuli

any factor which causes a change from normal

variable

element or feature subject to change

feedback

process of info about a variable constantly flowing from sensor to integrator to effector mechanism

integrator / control center

directly influences controlled variables

negative feedback loop

common frequency; stabilize physiological variables

• inhibitory: produce effect opposite to change that activated system

negative feedback loop purpose

system that maintains homeostasis

1st step of a negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

stimulus

2nd step of a negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

sensor

3rd step of a negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

control center

4th step of a negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

effector

5th step of a negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

response

examples of negative feedback loop

negative feedback loop

• body temperature

• blood glucose control

positive feedback loop

less frequent; amplify / reinforce change occurring

• stimulatory: produces destabilizing effects & disrupt homeostasis

positive feedback loop purpose

bring specific body functions to swift completion

normal positive feedback loop

positive feedback loop

only when there is definite end point

examples of positive feedback loop

positive feedback loop

• contractions during childbirth

• blood loss (clotting)

kinetic energy

energy

form of energy powering any type of matter in motion

potential energy

energy

stored energy matter possesses due to positioning or structure of its components

energies essential to human function

• chemical energy

• mechanical energy

• radiant energy

• electrical energy

chemical energy

essential energy

energy that is:

• absorbed as chemical bonds form

• stored as they’re maintained

• released as they’re broken

mechanical energy

essential energy

• stored in physical systems

• powers movement of matter

radiant energy

essential energy

energy emitted as waves in sunlight

electrical energy

essential energy

the power of moving electrons

inorganic compound

substance that does not contain both C (carbon) & H (hydrogen)

example of a major inorganic compound

inorganic compound

water (H2O)

properties of water (4)

cohesion
polarity
high specific heat
high heat vaporization

cohesion

properties of water

acts as lubricant & cushion against trauma & friction

polarity

properties of water

• allows H2O to be effective solvent

• ionizes substances in solution

high specific heat

properties of water

allows body to maintain constant temp as water can lose/gain large amounts of heat with little change to its temp

high heat vaporization

properties of water

allows body to dissipate excess heat as it requires absorption of significant amount of heat to change from liquid to gas

main elements of the body

oxygen (68%)
carbon (18%)
hydrogen (10%)
nitrogen (3%)

ion

atom with electrical charge

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ionic bond

close association between ions of opposite charge

covalent bond

• formed by cation & anion

• stronger than ionic bonds

polar covalent bond

two atoms share electrons unequally

poles

• regions of weakly positive & negative charge

• triangular 3D shape