Human Development Lecture Notes

A set of flashcards based on the Human Development lecture covering key concepts such as stages of development, cognitive development theories, and parenting styles.

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Zygote Stage (first 2 weeks), Embryo Stage (weeks 3-8), Fetal Stage (8 weeks onward).

What are the key characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Facial abnormalities, small head, growth deficits, learning disabilities, executive function deficits, and nervous system damage.

What behavioral changes do infants exhibit in relation to auditory stimuli?

Infants suck more vigorously when aroused by certain sounds; this is known as habituation and dishabituation.

What is the 'rouge test'?

A test used to determine whether a child can recognize themselves in a mirror.

What are the four stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development?

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations.

What does the term 'egocentrism' refer to in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

The inability of a child to take the perspective of others.

What’s the main conflict in Erikson's stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Adolescents must figure out who they are and what roles they will play in society correct

How does attachment change from infancy to childhood according to the Strange Situation experiment?

Attachment styles can stabilize and manifest in different behaviors as children grow.

What impact does parenting style have on child development?

Different parenting styles lead to different outcomes, such as self-reliance in authoritative parenting or impulsiveness in indifferent parenting.

Define 'personal fable'.

The belief held by adolescents that they are unique and that life's difficulties will not affect them like other people. This leads to sense of invicibility and risky behavior. correct

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

Zygote Stage (first 2 weeks), Embryo Stage (weeks 3-8), Fetal Stage (8 weeks onward).

What are the key characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Facial abnormalities, small head, growth deficits, learning disabilities, executive function deficits, and nervous system damage.

What behavioral changes do infants exhibit in relation to auditory stimuli?

Infants suck more vigorously when aroused by certain sounds; this is known as habituation and dishabituation.

What is the 'rouge test'?

A test used to determine whether a child can recognize themselves in a mirror.

What are the four stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development?

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations.

What does the term 'egocentrism' refer to in Piaget’s Preoperational Stage?

The inability of a child to take the perspective of others.

What is the main conflict in Erikson's stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Adolescents must figure out who they are and what roles they will play in society while balancing expectations of others.

How does attachment change from infancy to childhood according to the Strange Situation experiment?

Attachment styles can stabilize and manifest in different behaviors as children grow.

What impact does parenting style have on child development?

Different parenting styles lead to different outcomes, such as self-reliance in authoritative parenting or impulsiveness in indifferent parenting.

Define 'personal fable'.

The belief held by adolescents that they are unique and that life's difficulties will not affect them like others.

What cognitive achievement is characteristic of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage, typically developing around 8-12 months?

Object permanence—the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

What is 'conservation' in Piaget's theory, and in which stage does it typically develop?

Conservation is the understanding that specific properties of an object (like quantity, mass, or volume) remain the same even when its appearance changes. It develops during the Concrete Operational stage.

What are the four primary attachment styles identified in the 'Strange Situation' experiment?

Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Ambivalent/Resistant, and Disorganized attachment.

How is the 'Authoritative' parenting style characterized, and what are its typical outcomes for children?

Authoritative parents are warm, responsive, and demanding, setting clear rules and expectations while allowing for discussion. Children often show high self-reliance, social competence, and academic success.

What is the central developmental task of Erikson's first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)?

Infants learn to trust their caregivers and the world if their needs are consistently met, or develop mistrust if neglected