Biochem Chapters 1 and 2

Name this functional group

Methyl

Name this functional group

Ethyl

Name this functional group

Phenyl

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Aldehyde

Name this functional group

Ketone

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Carboxyl

Name this functional group

Alcohol (hydroxyl)

Name this functional group

Enol

Name this functional group

Ether

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Ester

name this functional group

Acetyl

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anhydride (two carboxylic acids)

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Protonated Amino

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Amido

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imine

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substituted imine

name this functional group

guanidinium

name this functional group

imidazole

name this functional group

sulfhydryl

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disulfide

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thioester

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Phosphoryl

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Phosphoandydride

Name this functional group

Mixed anhydride

Select the functional group from below that is stabilized
by resonance in its ionized form.
A. Amine
B. Ester
C. Alcohol
D. Carboxylic acid
E. sulfhydryl

D. Carboxylic Acid

Which two functional groups present in all amino acids
react to form the linkage shown here?
A. Alcohol
B. Amide
C. Amine
D. Carboxylic acid

Amine and Carboxylic acid (forms an amide)

What is accepted as “physiological pH?
A. pH 7.4
B. pH 6.5
C. pH 8.1
D. pH 7.2
E. None of these is correct

A. 7.4

Define Homolytic Cleavage

Both of the resulting atoms in the cleavage will carry only one electron from the original PAIR that formed the bond. Each atom leaves the bond as a RADICAL

Define Hetrolytic Cleavage

One atom retains BOTH electrons from the broken bond, often forming carbocations, hyride ions, and carboanions

What is a nucleophile

Functional groups that are rich in and capable of donating electrons

What is an electrophile

Election defficient functional groups that seek electrons

What are the primary six elements that make up life on a molecular basis

1. Carbon

2. Nitrogen

3. Hydrogen

4. Oxygen

5. Phosphates

6. Sulfur

What is the equation to find detlaG

DeltaG = DeltaH - T x DeltaS

What does it mean if DeltaG is negative

the forward reaction (to make products) procedes spontaneously

what does it mean if deltaG is positive

the reverse raction (to make the reactants) proceeds spontaneously

What does it mean if DeltaG equals zero

the reaction is at equilibrium

What does it mean if DeltaH is negative and DeltaS is positive

The reaction is both enthalpically favored and entropically favored. It is SPONTANEOUS at all temps

What does it mean if DeltaH is negative and DeltaS is negative

Ther action is enthalpically favored but entropically opposed. It is spontaneous at temperatures below T

What does it mean if DeltaH is positive and DeltaS is positive

The reaction is enthalpically opposed but etroplically favored. It is spontaneous only at temps above T

What does it mean if DeltaH is postive and DeltaS is negative

The reaction is both enthalpically and entropically opposed. It is nonspontaneous at all temps

What is the equation to find DeltaG’

DeltaG’ = -RT x In Keq

What is the DeltaG’ biochemical standard state

pH=7

55.5 M H2O

1 mM magnesium

Water (blank) around nonpolar solutes to maximize (blank) bonding with other water molecules, causing a decrease in randomness

Water ORGANIZES around nonpolar solutes to maximize MAXIMIZE bonding with other water molecules, causing a decrease in randomness

Describe the Hydrophobic Effect

The natural tendency of nonpolar substances (such as oil or fats) to clump together in an aqueous solution and push out water molecules. As a result, polar water moecules form a “cage like” structure around the nonpolar substances

This the most importatn stabilizing force for biomolecule structures

What type of molecules spontaneosuly organize in water without energy input being needed

Amphiphilic molecules

soap forms a micelle around dirt or grease, making it water soluble. What directs micelle formation in this case

soap directs micelle formation

What is a Micelle

An amphiphilic molecule with a polar head group and hydrocarbon tail being surrounded (caged) by water molecules, making the compound water soluble.

What is osmotic pressure

the force required to oppose the flow of water.

What would happen to animal cells in a hypotonic solution

they would rupture due to an influx of water inside of the cell

what would animal cells do in a hyperronic solution

water would leave the cells to equalize the concentration of solutes, causing the cells to shrivel up and die

what would happen to animal cells in an isotonic solution

there would be equal solute concentarion in and out of the cell

Strong acids and bases completely (blank) in water

Strong acids and bases completely DISSOCIATE in water

What does the midpoint represent on a titration curve

the midpoint is when there are equal amounts of H3O and H+ in a solution. If a base is continuously added, the pH shoots up as the acid is completly disolved

Whate is the buffering range of a titration curve

the area where the pka is ± 1 pH

HA + A always equals what

HA + A always equals 1

Where does the phosphate butter system act

the phosphate buffer system acts in the cytoplasm of cells, keeping the pH between a range of 5.9 to 7.9

Where does the bicarbonate buffer system act

the bicarbonate buffer system acts in the blood plasma keeping the pH around 7.4