AP hug

study time

Acculturation

• the adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

• the modification of the social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another

ex) Asian/Mexican cuisines within the US

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources

• manufacturing plants and businesses benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities

ex) Silicon Valley in California, tech center

Azimuthal Projection

a map projection in which a region of the earth is projected onto a plane tangential to the surface, typically at a pole or the equator.

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

• experienced by USSR, Czechoslovakia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bosnia, Kashmir, Nigeria, Yugoslavia

Bid-Rent Theory

• developed by William Alonzo in the 1960s

• model gives land use, rent, intensity of land use, population and employment as a function of distance to the CBD of the city as a solution of an economic equilibrium for market for space.

Borchert's Epochs

American cities have undergone five major periods of development shaped by the dominant forms of transportation and communication at the time. [Sail-wagon Period (1790-1840), Iron-horse Period (1830-1870), Steel-rail Period (1870-1920), Auto Air-Amenity Period (1920-1970), Satellite-Electronic Jet Propulsion and High Technology Period (1970-Present)

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC

• believes that happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires; Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering

• mainly practiced in India, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia (China, Korea, Japan)

major countries: Cambodia, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Laos and Mongolia, Korea, Japan

Buffer State

small country located between two hostile powers and whose presence decreased the possibility of conflict between them

ex) Poland and Czechoslovakia, between major Germany and the Soviet Union; Lebanon between Syria and Israel

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

Cartography

the science of mapmaking

Caste System

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

• mainly known in Hinduism, prominent in India

Central Place Theory

A theory formulated by Walter Christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations

Chloropleth Map

a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas.

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Colonialism

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

ex) British colonialism --> expanding, occupied different territories

Commodity Chains

a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

Contagious Diffusion

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

Core

Core countries have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a convergence of trade flows

Cotton Belt

a region stretching from South Carolina to east Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced during the mid-1800s

Creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Cultural Hearth

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

ex) Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Indus Valley

Demographic Accounting Equation

An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration

• takes into account birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration; does NOT account for fertility rates

Denomination

the name for a special class of persons, such as a religious group

Dependency Ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states; the breaking apart of a larger state into smaller autonomous region

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland, the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Distance Decay Effect

The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases.

Economic Backwaters

Regions that fail to gain from national economic development

ex)

Electoral College

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Environmental Determinism

the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development

Eratosthenes

Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Evangelical Religions

Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

ex) the US government

Feedlots

Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Foreign Investment

Overseas business investments made by private companies

• can foster economic growth in the recipient country and benefit the investor

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Gateway City

Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas

ex) LA, NYC, Chicago, Boston, London, Toronto, Paris,

Genetically Modified Foods

foods derived from organisms whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Gerrymandering

the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent

Ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cites in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

Gravity Model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

• to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations/ developing countries

Gross Domestic Product

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Hecataues

The Greek historian (~550-476 BC) credited with writing the book Ges Periodus, a descriptive account of the ancient world.

Hinterlands

the outlying towns and small communities that rely on the central city for goods and services

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Human Development Index

An indicator of the level of development and quality of life for each country that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy; focused on human welfare

Inner City Decay

Large urban areas that lose big portions of populations because of change in industry or migration to suburbs.

-Inner city loses tax base & becomes a center of poverty as it is inhabited by the poor

Intervening Opportunities

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims

• Middle East-North Africa (MENA), 89% in Central Asia, 40% in Southeast Asia, 31% in South Asia

• Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Mauritania, Morocco, Somalia, Tunisia, Pakistan, Egypt

Isoglosses

Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet

Judaism

the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

• Israel, United States

law of retail gravitation

A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands.

Lingua Franca

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

Maquiladoras

manufacturing plants allowed to operate in Mexico with special privileges in return for employing Mexican citizens

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

Modern Architecture

Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are though to act like well oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for half a century while this view prevailed.

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Multiple Nuclei Model

Created by Harris and Ullman, the model attempts to explain the layout of a city and describes how there are more than one "Central Business District", this model applies to a city that lacks a strong central core but instead has multiple nodes

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Neo-Malthusian Theory

Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology.

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. by lessening and eliminating tariffs