APHUG Unit 2

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a given population. It is typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females. Number of males/number of females X100

Dependency Ratio

Used to assess the ratio of dependents (people who are typically not in the workforce) to the working-age population. Number of dependents/working-age populationX100

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Infant Mortality Rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Doubling Time

The time required for a population to double in size. 70 / rate of natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Malthusian Theory

Suggests that population growth will inevitably grow faster than food production, leading to widespread famine, disease, and other negative consequences.

Boserup Theory

Humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe that a growing population can lead to ecological and humanitarian disasters, and that population control is necessary to ensure the survival of the human race.

Pro-Natalist Policies

The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Intervenening opportunity

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Forced Migration

Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Transnational Migration

Migration from one country to another country.

Internal Migration

Migrants that travel within a country's borders.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city.

Rural to Urban Migration

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.

Guest Worker Migration

Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers - typically a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country's own labor force.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Persons

People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.

Asylum Seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.