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Sex Ratio
The proportion of males to females in a given population. It is typically expressed as the number of males per 100 females. Number of males/number of females X100
Dependency Ratio
Used to assess the ratio of dependents (people who are typically not in the workforce) to the working-age population. Number of dependents/working-age populationX100
Crude Birth Rate
The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
Infant Mortality Rate
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit area of arable land.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Carrying Capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Doubling Time
The time required for a population to double in size. 70 / rate of natural increase.
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
Epidemiological Transition Model
The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.
Malthusian Theory
Suggests that population growth will inevitably grow faster than food production, leading to widespread famine, disease, and other negative consequences.
Boserup Theory
Humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing populations.
Neo-Malthusians
People who believe that a growing population can lead to ecological and humanitarian disasters, and that population control is necessary to ensure the survival of the human race.
Pro-Natalist Policies
The policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate.
Anti-Natalist Policies
Government policies to reduce the rate of natural increase
Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
Intervenening opportunity
An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
Forced Migration
Permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
Transnational Migration
Migration from one country to another country.
Internal Migration
Migrants that travel within a country's borders.
Transhumance
A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Step Migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city.
Rural to Urban Migration
Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.
Guest Worker Migration
Migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers - typically a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country's own labor force.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Internally Displaced Persons
People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.
Asylum Seekers
Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
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