Module 4 Ch18 Part 1

ABO blood group

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

agglutination

clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies

agranular leukocytes

leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells

albumin

most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma

anemia

deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

antibodies

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

anticoagulant

substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation

antithrombin

anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway

B lymphocytes

(also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity

basophils

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

bilirubin

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

biliverdin

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

blood

liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system

bone marrow biopsy

diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow

bone marrow transplant

treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient

bruise

localized bleeding under the skin due to damaged blood vessels

buffy coat

thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

carbaminohemoglobin

compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

clotting factors

group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation

coagulation

formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis

colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

common pathway

final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot

cross matching

blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood

cytokines

class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease

defensins

antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells

deoxyhemoglobin

molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it

diapedesis

(also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

embolus

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

emigration

(also, diapedesis) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

eosinophils

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

erythrocyte

(also, red blood cell) mature myeloid blood cell that is composed mostly of hemoglobin and functions primarily in the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

erythropoietin (EPO)

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

extrinsic pathway

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway