Module 1-7 Biological science reviewer

Bahala na si lord

Biological science

The branch of science that studies life

Agriculture

science, and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth

Anatomy

Study of animal form, particularly human body

Astrobiology

branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and the search for extra

Botany

the scientific study of plants

Cell biology

the study of cells at the microscopic or at molecular level. It includes studying the cells physiological properties, structure, organelles, interactions, with the environment, life cycle, division, and apoptosis.

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Biochemistry

the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and other biomolecules, and of their functions and transformation during life.

Biophysics

an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and method of physical sciences to questions of biology

Biotechnology

applied science that is concerned with biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or process for specific use

Ecology

the scientific study of the relationship between plants, animals and their environment

Entomology

the study of insects

Evolution

concerned with the origin and decent species as well as their change over time

Genetics

a science that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms

Immunobiology

study of structure and function of the immune system

Neurobiology

branch of biology that deals with anatomy and physiology and pathology of the nervous system

paleobiology

study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as presented by the fossil of plant, animal, and other organisms

Parasitology

study of parasites and parasitism

pathology

study of nature of disease and its cause, processes, development and consequences

Medicine

the science which relates to the prevention, cure, or alleviation of disease

Microbiology

the branch of biology that deals with microorganism and their effects on another living organism

Molecular biology

the branch of biology that deals with the information, structure, and function of macromolecules essential of life, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Their role in cell replication and the transmission of genetic information

mycology

study of fungi

pharmacology

the study of preparation and use of drugs and synthetic medicines

physiology

the biological study of functions of living organisms and their parts

Psychobiology

the study of mental functioning and behavior in relation to other biological processes

ichthyology

study of fishes

herpetology

the study of reptiles and amphibians

ornithology

the study of birds

mammalogy

study of mammals

Toxicology

study on how natural man made poision cause undesirable effects on living organisms

virology

study of viruses

zoology

study of biology that deals with animal life

Microscope

it is the most useful tool in dealing with microscopic creatures

Head/body

houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope(yung bilog kung saan naka tusok yung eyepieace)

Base

supports the microscope and houses the illuminator(yung base ng microscope para di matumba)

Arm

connects to the base and supports the microscope head(hawakan duh)

eyepiece or ocular

it is the part what you look through at the top of a microscope(yung sinisilipan sa microscope)
Eyepiece tube

Objective lenses

these are the primary optical lenses on a microscope(yung lense na naka tutok sa speciment para makita nang maayos)

Nosepiece

it houses the objective. The objective are exposed and are mounted on a rotating turret so that different objectives can be conveniently selected standard objectives(kung saan naka connect yung objectives, eto yung umiikot para maiba

coarse and focus knob

they are used to focus microscope (yung knob sa gilid para fumocus yung tinitignan sa eyepiece para di blurry)

Stage

it is where the specimen to be viewed in placed

Stage clips

they are used when there are no mechanical stage. The viewer is required to move the slide manually to view different sections of specimen(yung pang clip dun sa slide na naka lahay sa stage)

Aperture

It is the hole in the stage through which the base transmits light reaches the stage.(yung butas sa stage para makita nang maayos yung specimen kapag tinitignan na syempre kapag walang ilaw sa baba yun edi madilim duh)

illuminator

it is the light source for a microscope

Condenser

it is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on the specimen(para focus yung beam ng light sa slide)

Iris diaphram

it controls the amount of light reaching the specimen(kung gaano kalakas yung liwanag or labo)
Condenser focus knob

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Cytology

The study of cell

DNA

the genetic material of cells that holds all the information that cell needs

GENE

specific segment of DNA which tells how to perform different tasks

Cytoplasm

Gel like substance that fills a cell and gives its shape. It allow for different materials to move around the cell

Plasma membrane

membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of all cells. It separates the cell from the external environment and keeps the organelles together

Unicellular

single celled organisms that consist of one cell only which can perform vital functions with themselves. They can reproduce through asexual reproduction

Budding

new organism develops from an due to cell division (Virus na nag didivide through cell division)

Fission

division of single entity into 2 or more parts and regeneration of parts to separate entities resembling the original (parang mga virus na nag didivide nang mabilisan)

Multicellular

consist of more than one cells to perform vital functions example: Plants, Animals, Humans, Some fungi, and algae

Somatic cells

is also called body cell. These are diploid cells which maintains life processes of the organism. Example: Cells found in internal organs – heart, kidneys, brain, liver, lungs, etc. Skin Bones and Muscles Blood Connective Tissue

Diploid cells

contains 2 copy of each chromosomes

Haploid cells

contain single set of chromosomes

Gametes

also called as reproductive or sex cells. These haploid cells which function is for the production of offspring.

cell membrane

is a semi permeable membrane that forms the outer covering of the cell. It is made up of phospholipids which has polar heads and non

Cytoplasm

gel like substance composition where all the organelles are suspended inside the cell. It maintains pressure of the cell which ensure the cell doesnt shrink or burst

Nucleus

Contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell. It is surrounded by a porous membrane called nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

is a round body found inside the nucleus which helps in the synthesis of ribosomes. It is not surrounded by a membrane but sits in the nucleus.

Centrioles

organized the microtubules assemble during cell division

Endoplasmic reticulum

is a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

it is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products

Lysosomes

are enzymes sacs that digest cellular waste. It serve as the digestive system of the cell and also help in detoxification of the cell

Peroxisome

is a small organelle present in the cytoplasm of many cells. Which contains reducing enzyme catalese and usually some oxidase

Microtubules

are hollow rods that support and shape the cell

Mitochondria

the power house of the cell

Ribosomes

are made of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins which serves for protein synthesis. It is suspended in the cytoplasm and also attached to the ER. The most abundant among the organelles.

Passive transport

it is the movement of molecules

diffusion

Organisms need to move molecules from an area where they are
highly concentrated to an area where the molecules are less
concentrated.

Simple diffusion

Tendency of materials to move randomly from areas where they
are highly concentrated to areas of lower concentration, until they are evenly distributed in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules and ions are transported with the aid of some
intermediary proteins. It binds with the molecules with a carrier protein in the plasma membrane to be transported from higher to lower concentration.

Osmosis

Water molecules diffusing across a membrane. It is the diffusion of
water through a selective (semi) permeable membrane from greater concentration to lesser concentration.

Isotonic

Solutions have concentrations of substances
(solutes) and water (solvent) on both sides of the membrane are equal.

Hypotonic

Solutions have a lower concentration of substances, and more water, when associated to another solution.

Hypertonic

Solution have a higher concentration of substances, and less water, when compared to another solution.

Filtration

It is the movement of water and solute molecules across the cell
membrane due to hydrostatic pressure. It is a passive transport used most often in the capillaries.

Cell division

it is the process of splitting a single cell into new cells

Chromosomes

Long DNA molecules with part or all of the genetic
material of an organism. It is made of protein and single molecules of DNA. 23 pairs (22 pairs – Autosome , 1 pair Sex Chromosome). Structures that contain genetic information.
Made up of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.

Centromere

Point where chromatids are joined

Chromatid

Chromosomes contain identical parts. Strands composed of chromatin that makes up the chromosome.

Chromatin

Makes up the chromatid. The indistinguishable mass of DNA
molecules whereas chromatids are part of a chromosome attached to it with a centromere.

Cell cycle

It is the regular sequence of growth and division that eukaryotic cells undergo

binary fission

Prokaryotic cells undergo.

Interphase

this is where the cell grows, the cell makes a copy of its DNA, and the cell is ready for division

G1

the cell starts to grow

S

the cell makes a copy of its DNA

G2

the cell is ready to divide

Cytokinesis

is the division of the cytoplasm and the other parts of the cell. Results in two separate daughter cells with identical nuclei

23

how many chromosomes are in a human being by pair

Mitosis

production of identical cell for growth and repair
Prophase

Tissue

a collective amount of cell

Histology

the study of tissue

Epithelial tissues

it forms the covering or lining of body surfaces, both internal and external

Connective tissues

it occurs in divers forms but is characterized by the extracellular matrix in which its cell lie

Areolar

Connect and surrounds different organs of human body