Age of Reformation

(Topics 2.1-2.5)

Division of Christianity (Topic 2.1)

The split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy and later, the emergence of various Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism.

Religious Plurality (Topic 2.1)

The coexistence of multiple religious beliefs and denominations within a society, particularly following the Reformation.

Such as:

• religious comformaty

• religious plurality= assumed that the change would work out but nevertheless, change would lead to chaos

• the question was can two religions live together ———> No

• “everyone is going off the deep end”- Katch

State Power (Topic 2.1)

The church is no longer in power and the state Power would increase (answered the question about morality)

• this allowed people to fight back (if the government isn’t following the teachings of God then the people are allowed to remove them from power)

Religion as Pretext (Topic 2.1)

• cultural war (aka cancel culture)

• religious changes masking something else.

Religious Tensions 15th Century

• there was a lot of resistance from local authority and the local nobility against central authority.

• The Guilds are reassuring rules ( feels threaded and used religion to push them up)

• agricultural is being screwed over

• there was also a lot of economic tension between the peasants and towns people ( traditional——> Capitalist)

Religious Challenges (Topic 2.1)

• the Pope was associated with corruption

• the decline of Catholic Church authority due to corruption and the rise of new doctrines like those of Martin Luther and John Calvin

Lay Religious Movement (Topic 2.1)

• not providing moral guidance

•  non-clergy individuals' religious practices and movements, especially during the Reformation era

Corruption of the Church (Topic 2.1)

• Simony: buying and selling church offices

• Nepotism: Hiring/ appointing their children —→ advantages/ protection

• Abesentism: Bishops never show up to the diety

• Pluraltism: Holding more than one job to get double.

Martin Luther (Topic 2.2) 

 Personal Background

• brought up in Germany ( father wanted him in law )

• became a lawyer 

• analysis language ( very smart) 

• in his 20’s he got caught in a horrid storm and prayed the words “ I will become a monk and shit like that if you get me out of this storm”

• saved and did just that.. 

Monastery (Luther) Topic 2.2

• struggled with the Christian faith

• thought god hated him because he was sinful in the past, (went to confession all the time until the priest was like “you actually need to read the bible instead of just confessing)

• through this, he came across a passage “throughout the righteous should live, which was a rebirthing and freeing”

Martin Luther’s Personal Theology (Topic 2.2)

Sola Fide ( Justification of Faith Alone )

• in justifies Christians except for the gift of God

• Sola Gratia: Man can’t save himself; only god can

• Sola Scripture: The bible is the only correct thing, and anything that contradicts the bible is 100% wrong.

Role of Indulgences and 95 Things in the 1517s (Topic 2.2)

• so basically, in battle, people automatically sin daily, so they would purchase tickets to enter heaven ( Catholic Church ) 

• Luther calls bullshit ( because he is a lawyer) and says, “This is wrong, here’s this specific scripture to prove you wrong.”

• If you don’t agree with him, he will destroy you by using “facts” from the bible.

• Lays out 95 reasons why these tickets are wrong ( evidence → scripture ) and hails it to the church doors as an early form of protest (publicly)

Impact of Election of Charles V (Topic 2.2)

• impact of elector saxory

• putting the constraint of he power of H.R.E

• Impact of the decision on the diets

• Diets = Council of locals, bishops, and others

• The only thing that can stop Luther is his Diet

• Pope goes against the scripter

Diet of Worms (Topic 2.2)

• The Imperial Council (1521) was established by Charles V to address the concerns of Martin Luther

Belief of Lutherism (Topic 2.2) 

Position of Sacraments

•  a central theological concept, viewed as outward, visible signs of invisible, inward grace instituted by Christ

• baptism and communion 

Priest of All Believers

• All believers are priests (priests aren’t more special than others)

Veneration of Sains + Relics

• relics had powers to heal

• prayed to saints to find answers

• Luther says we should only focus on god ( not objects and saints )

Transubstantian (Topic 2.2)

this →

Protestant Reformation Continues (Topic 2.3)

Calvinism

1. the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.

Predestition (Topic 2.3)

A twist on sold gratia

• a group that has been elected to be saved ( the elect)

• the idea of assuming you’re an elected because only god knows who is elected and who is not.

Genvea (Topic 2.3

• he developed a town based on his teachings

• became a theocracy ( model of an ideal town)

• PTED- Preachers, Teachers (moral instruction), Elder ( enforced moral code), Deacon (in charge of charity)

• These 4 groups of people run the town

• localized government

Ana Baptism (left-new) (Topic 2.3)

• being baptized as an adult since Jesus was baptized when he was an adult

German Peasants Revolt ( 1524-25) (Topic 2.3)

• peasents wanting more rights

• applied the new ideals to make this ideology come alive

• Luther rejects this (WOMP WOMP)

Protest Resistance Theory ( how power is credible) (Topic 2.3)

• monarchomachs ( God Before King)

• have the right to resist people who sin

• offshoots calvinism

• if the king disobeys gods then the local leaders can as well

Huguenots (FRANCE):

• 5% of population

• 40% of nobility were luguenots - resisting centeralisation

• religion gives them a way to resist

• advocating for greater rights and independence

Puritans (ENGLAND):

• corruption in the church so they need to purify the church of England

• led to purifying the english society. 

Role of the Printing Press (Topic 2.3)

Vernacular Bibles

• Bibles are being printed out in many languages

• provided the citizens with a voice and can interrupt scripture

Spreading of Luther’s writings

• was responsible for 1/3 of the productions

• provides the citizens a voice and can interrupt scripture

Standardization and Wilder Appeals

• reached more people

• standarazide

Increase in Literacy 

• more people leaned how to read

• upperclass had the more advantage 

• women were encouraged to teach children how to read (traditional values, stayed in the house and instilled values

English Reformation (Topic 2.3)

Henry VIII

• Divorced Cathorine of Aragon

• Beheaded Anne Bolynne 

• Died Jane Seymor

• Divorced Catherine of Howard

• Survived Catherine Parr

Church of England 

• 6 articles ( how the church of England works ) 

New Religious Order (Topic 2.5)

Ignatius of Loyolta

• founder of society of Jesus (Jesuits)

• combined education with the teachings of the church

• emphasized obidence and enthusiasm (to the church)

• renforsment of hiarchy

• bring peopleback to the catholic fold

Ursulines

Lets start teaching young women how to be traditional catholic wives by nuns

Teresa of Avila (carmelites)

• need to adhere to maltirate life and wealth

• group of nuns

• reactionary movement

Council of Trent 

a pivotal 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, Italy.

• catholic domination

• maintained beliefs of the church

• Index of Prohibited Books.

• Roman Inquisition