Review of the Old South, Missouri Compromise, Slavery, and Secession

Flashcards summarizing the key points of the lecture on the Old South, Missouri Compromise, Slavery, and Secession.

What made the South the most distinctive region in the U.S.?

It remained rural despite urbanization and industrialization.

What was the impact of the Southern environment on slavery?

The climate and geography were well-suited for agriculture and plantation economy, encouraging slavery.

What united Southern whites despite not owning slaves?

Profitability, convenience, and racial superiority.

What impact did Southern cult of masculinity have?

“Honor”, Fighting, guns, horsemanship, superiority

Name the three distinct sub-regions of the South.

Lower South, Middle South, and Upper/Border South.

What characterized agriculture in the Lower South?

Labor-intensive cotton production and heavy reliance on slave labor.

What was the most profitable and widely grown staple crop in the South?

Cotton

What region grew Tobacco as a staple crop

VA, MD, NC

Why was the South economically dependent on the North?

Most manufacturing and trade were conducted through Northern industry.

What powers did White Planters in the South hold?

Held A LOT of power economically, politically and socially

What was the role of the Plantation Mistress?

Supervised domestic household slaves

What defined Yeomen?

small farmers

What issue arose with the expandion of slavery west?

In 1819 there was equal number of slave/free states (11 each)

What was the Tallmadge Amendment?

resolution prohibiting transport of more slaves into Missouri

What was proposed by Illinois Senator, Jesse Thomas?

Maine admitted free, Missouri admitted slave, 36°30’ = prohibit slavery above latitude line (Missouri slavery permitted)

What was Henry Clay’s “Second” Missouri Compromise?

Missouri admittance as a state depended on assurance from Missouri legislature that it wouldn’t deny free blacks constitutional rights

What changed with Black Society in the South between 1790 to 1860?

1790 < 200,000 enslaved blacks to 1860 > 4 million

What did it mean to be a “Free Persons of Color”?

Uncertain status between slavery and freedom, racist restrictions

What was the result of Congress outlawing American involvement with African slave trade 1808?

Made cash value of slaves in U.S. increase = treat slaves better

What resulted from the increase of the domestic-slave trading network?

Slaves markets and auction houses sprung up, Separation of children from parents and husbands at young age

What distinguished RURAL slavery?

organized into work gangs, supervised by black “driver” or white overseer

What distinguished URBAN slavery?

Interacted w/interracial community, “Hired out” on condition that paid % of wages to owner, Greater mobility and freedom

What were some experiences of Slave Women?

Expected to do “man’s work” = manual labor, cut trees, haul logs, etc, Past age of 40 = workload increased: Fields/outdoor labor

What was the Celia Historical Narrative?

Illustrates exploitation, deprivation and vulnerability of slaves

How did slaves create a community?

Victims of injustice, abuse and constraints, evidence of endurance, resilience and achievement

What did African American Religion and Folklore consist of?

Mixture of African, Caribbean and Christian elements Practiced in secret

What were some examples of Slave Rebellions?

1811—New Orleans, 1822—Charleston, SC, 1831--Virginia

What was Nat Turner known for?

Turner was a black overseer, self-anointed preacher with a Divine mission to lead a slave rebellion

What fueled Northern push = increased Southern unity and emotional defensiveness?

cash crop agricultural econ, dependent on race-based slavery and desire to Protect the rights of Southern owners to own, transport or sell slaves

What was the goal of the American Colonization Society?

proposed to return slaves to Africa

Who launched anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator?

William Lloyd Garrison

Who was Frederick Douglass?

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, started the North Star newspaper

What role did Harriet Tubman play?

helped 300+ slaves to freedom

What was prompted southerners to defend slavery?

Abolitionism

What condition did Mexico initially recruit white American settlers (Anglos /Texans)?

that they would become loyal Mexican citizens

What sparked Texas Independence?

Anglos feared General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna would free slaves and make all of them slaves

What did Sam Houston do?

commander in chief of Texans

What was Polk’s top priority?

geographical expansion

What events led to the Mexican War?

Troops at Rio Grande had been attacked, American deaths/prisoners

Who opposed the Mexican War?

John Quincy Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Webster

Who was General Zach Taylor?

popular after victories over Mexican forces North of Rio Grande

Who was General Stephen Kearny?

entered Santa Fe, New Mexico, Named a civilian governor and continued on to California, Met up with Stockton’s troops= conquered S. Cali

What treaty followed after the fall of capital in the Mexican War?

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

What resulted from the Mexican War?

U.S. expanded national domain over a third, Rounded out U.S., larger than LA Purchase , deepened sectional tensions over slavery

Who delivered speech encouraging annexing of Texas as a slave state, rest of territory = non-slave?

David Wilmot

What term did Lewis Cass coin

“regulate their own internal concerns in their own way” = popular sovereignty

Who was selected as the Whigs candidate = slave owner, but opposed extension of slavery?

Zachary Taylor

List final Compromise of 1850

1. CA entered as Free, 2. Texas-New Mexico Act made NM territory and set present day TX border, 3. Utah Act = set up Utah territory, 4. New Fugitive Slave Act = catching runaway slaves was under federal jurisdiction, 5. Public sale of slaves abolished in DC

What was the Fugitive slave act?

Most controversial element of the compromise—one clear cut victory for cause of slavery

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

What was the debate underlying issue of the Kansas-Nebraska crisis?

Transcontinental rail line

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act resolve?

ARGUED THAT IF MISSOURI COMPROMISE WAS NOT A SACRED PLEDGE THAN NEITHER WAS FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

What was the Republican party origin?

many Northern Whigs, Abraham Lincoln—dedicated to repealing Kansas-Nebraska Act and pushing anti-slavery movement

What resulted of “BORDER RUFFIANS” CROSSED RIVER FROM MISSOURI in Kansas?

= ILLEGALLY SWEPT THE POLLS PRO-SLAVERY

What was the Pottawatomie Massacre?

Pro-slavery mob entered free-state town of Lawrence, Kansas—burned/destroyed buildings etc

What act of violence occurred in the senate during this time?

Senator Charles Sumner of Mass gave speech “The Crime against Kansas”/ Insulted slave owners, Brooks beat Sumner til his cane broke

Who won presidential campaign of 1856?

James Buchanan

What was the Dred Scott Case?

CHALLENGED THE CONCEPT OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY and challenged if slaves were citizens

Why was Lincoln a CONTENDER FOR SENATE SEAT IN IL?

ABHORRED SLAVERY, BUT DID NOT THINK BLACKS AND WHITES COULD COEXIST EQUALLY

What resulted from John brown’s raid?

Captured by army –hanged , Martyr for anti-slavery cause and set off a panic in south

What first triggered white southerners to chose to secede?

Lincoln’s election

Who served as President and VP of Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis as President, Alexander H. Stephens as VP

What response did Buchanan make in reaction to secession?

no moves

What compromise did Senator John J. Crittenden propose?

Slavery at territories south of 36-30 parallel and guaranteed maintenance of slavery where it already existed

What warning did Lincoln give regarding it may be necessary to put the foot down?

Devoted to peace

What event Marked the beginning of Civil War

Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter began

What was Lincoln’s response the day that Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter began?

called upon loyal states to supply 75,000 militiamen to subdue Southern states

What prompted 4 more southern states to join the confederacy

Fall of Fort Sumter

What did Southerners claim about the Civil War?

fought on behalf of state’s rights rather than slavery