- colonize habitats that are too hostile for most organisms - secrete acids that break down rock and form soil that enriches habitat and leads to colonization by plants/animals
role of lichens
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eukaryotic
are algae eukaryotic or prokaryotic
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red algae
_____ algae are marine organisms
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their cell walls provide polysaccharides (sugar and carrageenan)
why are red algae important
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red algae
the polysaccharides from _______ algae are used as solidifying and emulsion agents in baked gods, dairy products, cosmetics
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red
some _______ algae are seaweed eaten by people
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phycoerythrin
red algae have a red __________ pigment
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red algae
______ algae lack flagella
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- food source and additive - used by biologists to grow bacteria
role of red algae
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green algae
______ algae live in freshwater
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- in colonies - as single celled organisms
how to green algae live
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- cellulose - chloroplast
cell wall of green algae is made up of what
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green algae
the most abundant algae
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- food source - medicine - in aquatic environments, they are primary producers and release amount of oxygen in system - fertilizer
which sub-group of green algae is closely related to plants
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charophytes have: - nuclear and chloroplast genes - cellulose synthesizing proteins (cellulose cell wall) - presence of chlorophyll a and b - structure of flagellated sperm - gamete producing structures
evidence that green algae is related to land plants
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- obtaining resources - internal transport and support - reproduction
challenges against living on land for plants
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desiccation because they lacked an endless water supply
land plant challenge of obtaining resources
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- roots to absorb water from soil - waxy cuticles to prevent evaporation from leaves - stomata in leaves allowing gas exchange - vascular system
plant adaption to live on land for obtaining resources/avoid desiccation
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- vascular tissues transport water and nutrients - plants faced greater gravitational pull on land (because water provided buoyancy)
land plant challenge of internal transport and support
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cell walls with ligin that gave plants structure to withstand pull of gravity
land plant adaptation for support
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change in relative sizes and independence of gametophyte and sporotype generations
land plant challenge of reproduction
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- gametes = pollen - ovary and zygote = seed - various adaptations to protect gametes and zygote from drying out
land plant adaption for reproduction
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- abundant sunlight - CO2 more readily available (diffuses faster in air) - no predators threatened plant life early on (because land plants evolved before land animals)
benefits for early plants as they evolved to live on land