Bio 198 Module 6

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Biology

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lichens
________ are formed as a result of mutualistic interaction between fungus and a phototynthetic microbe
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- well organized
- definite structure
- photosynthetic
- can fix nitrogen
qualities of lichens
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green algae/cyanobacterium provides fungi with food to make it through photosynthesis
benefit of fungi from lichens
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- fungus supplies CO2, minerals, water
- fungus protects microbe's photosynthetic mechanisms
- fungus provides "housing"
benefit of photosynthetic microbe in lichens
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- colonize habitats that are too hostile for most organisms
- secrete acids that break down rock and form soil that enriches habitat and leads to colonization by plants/animals
role of lichens
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eukaryotic
are algae eukaryotic or prokaryotic
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red algae
_____ algae are marine organisms
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their cell walls provide polysaccharides (sugar and carrageenan)
why are red algae important
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red algae
the polysaccharides from _______ algae are used as solidifying and emulsion agents in baked gods, dairy products, cosmetics
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red
some _______ algae are seaweed eaten by people
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phycoerythrin
red algae have a red __________ pigment
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red algae
______ algae lack flagella
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- food source and additive
- used by biologists to grow bacteria
role of red algae
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green algae
______ algae live in freshwater
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- in colonies
- as single celled organisms
how to green algae live
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- cellulose
- chloroplast
cell wall of green algae is made up of what
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green algae
the most abundant algae
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- food source
- medicine
- in aquatic environments, they are primary producers and release amount of oxygen in system
- fertilizer
role of green algae
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- primary producer
- releases amounts of oxygen (making ecosystem healthy)
importance of algae to humans
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charophytes
which sub-group of green algae is closely related to plants
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charophytes have:
- nuclear and chloroplast genes
- cellulose synthesizing proteins (cellulose cell wall)
- presence of chlorophyll a and b
- structure of flagellated sperm
- gamete producing structures
evidence that green algae is related to land plants
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- obtaining resources
- internal transport and support
- reproduction
challenges against living on land for plants
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desiccation because they lacked an endless water supply
land plant challenge of obtaining resources
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- roots to absorb water from soil
- waxy cuticles to prevent evaporation from leaves
- stomata in leaves allowing gas exchange
- vascular system
plant adaption to live on land for obtaining resources/avoid desiccation
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- vascular tissues transport water and nutrients
- plants faced greater gravitational pull on land (because water provided buoyancy)
land plant challenge of internal transport and support
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cell walls with ligin that gave plants structure to withstand pull of gravity
land plant adaptation for support
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change in relative sizes and independence of gametophyte and sporotype generations
land plant challenge of reproduction
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- gametes = pollen
- ovary and zygote = seed
- various adaptations to protect gametes and zygote from drying out
land plant adaption for reproduction
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- abundant sunlight
- CO2 more readily available (diffuses faster in air)
- no predators threatened plant life early on (because land plants evolved before land animals)
benefits for early plants as they evolved to live on land
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- bryophytes
- vascular, seedless
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
4 main categories of plants
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bryophytes
plants that are nonvascular, seedless plants
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example of bryophytes
mosses, liverworts, hornworts are examples of what type of plant
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small
are bryophytes large or small
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don't have a vascular system so if they were tall it would be impossible to transport water and nutrients
why are bryophytes small
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vascular, seedless plants
plants that have vascular tissue but don't produce seeds
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vascular, seedless plants
ferns, horsetails are examples of what type of plant
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gymnosperms
plants that are vascular, non-flowering, seed plants
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gymnosperms
conifers, pine trees, cyads are examples of what type of plant
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angiosperms
plants that are vascular, flowering, seed plants
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seeds
after flowering, angiosperms produce _______
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angiosperms
roses, petunias, daffodils, grasses, oak trees, grass are examples of what type of plant
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diploid
sporophytes are diploid/haploid
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haploid spores
sporophytes produces diploid/haploid spores
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meiosis (diploid --> haploid)
sporophytes use what type of reproductive strategy
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haploid
gametophytes are diploid/haploid
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haploid
gametophytes produce male and female gametes which are diploid/haploid
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mitosis (haploid --> haploid)
reproductive strategy of gametophytes
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- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular
that type of plants have motile gametes
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- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that have non-motile gametes
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- green algae
- bryophyte
type of plants that have gametophyte dominant stage
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- seedless vascular
- gymnosperm
- angiosperm
types of plants that have sporophyte dominant stage
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- green algae
- bryophyte
type of plants that 1N (haploid) dominant stage
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- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that have 2N (diploid) dominant stage
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- green algae
- bryophyte
- seedless vascular
type of plants that are homosporous (only have 1 spore)
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- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that are heterosporous (more than 1 spore)
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- green algae
- bryophyte
- seedless vascular
type of plants that have free standing water for fertilization
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- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that do not have free standing water for fertilization
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- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular
type of plants that don't produce seeds
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- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that produce seeds
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- green algae
- bryophytes
type of plants with dependent sporophytes
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- gymnosperm
- angiosperm
type of plants with dependent gametophytes
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- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
type of plants that have vascular tissue
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- green algae
- bryophytes
type of plants that do not have vascular tissue
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angiosperms
type of plants that flower
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- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms
type of plants that do not flower
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vegetative reproduction
mitosis and fertilization is _________ reproduction
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taking cuttings and culturing the cutting to make a new plant
many houseplants reproduce asexually by...
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a single leaf
new plants can be started from...
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genetically identical because of mitosis
new plants that have been produced asexually are ___________________ to the plant derived from. this is because of ________
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diploid sporophytes for genetic diversity
population of plants that arose form asexual reproduction
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2 alleles are present so if one doesn't work with the environment the other one can thrive
genetic diversity allows plants to adapt because...
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vegetative portion and reproduction
shoot system has what 2 portions
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vegetative portion
portion of leaves and stems
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reproductive portion
portion of flowers and fruits
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root system
supports plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground
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meristems
plant regions of continuous cell division and growth
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meristematic tissue cells
cells that are either differentiated or incompletely differentiated and continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant
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apical meristem
contains meristematic tissue located at tips of stems and roots which enable plant to extend in length
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lateral meristem
facilitate growth in thickness or girth in maturing plant
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dermal tissue
covers and protects plant
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vascular tissue
transports water, minerals and sugars to different parts of the plant
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ground tissue
serves as site for photosynthesis, provides supporting matrix for vascular tissue and helps to store water and sugars
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vascular bundle
structure formed by xylem and phloem
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tap root system
main root grows down vertically and many smaller lateral roots arise
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fibrous root system
located closer to soil surface and forms dense network of roots that helps prevent soil erosion
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stamen
male reproductive parts of flower
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filament and anther
stamen is made up of what
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filament
supporting structure of stamen
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anther
where male gametophyte (pollen) is produced
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carpel
female reproductive parts of flower
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- stigma
- style
- ovary
parts of carpel
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stigma
where pollen grains land and sperm from pollen start to penetrate carpel
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style
long stalk supporting stigma
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sperm forms pollen tube through style to travel from stigma to ovary
how is sperm able to travel form stigma to ovary
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ovary
where eggs develop and are fertilized
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pollination
transfer of pollen grains to receptive stigma
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- air
- water
- insects
- birds
agents that carry out pollination
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fertilization
fusions of a sperm with an egg
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after pollination
fertilization occurs _____ pollination
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seed
mature ovules containing the plant embryo, food reserves for growing embryo, and seed coat for protection