Bio 198 Module 6

lichens

________ are formed as a result of mutualistic interaction between fungus and a phototynthetic microbe

- well organized
- definite structure
- photosynthetic
- can fix nitrogen

qualities of lichens

green algae/cyanobacterium provides fungi with food to make it through photosynthesis

benefit of fungi from lichens

- fungus supplies CO2, minerals, water
- fungus protects microbe's photosynthetic mechanisms
- fungus provides "housing"

benefit of photosynthetic microbe in lichens

- colonize habitats that are too hostile for most organisms
- secrete acids that break down rock and form soil that enriches habitat and leads to colonization by plants/animals

role of lichens

eukaryotic

are algae eukaryotic or prokaryotic

red algae

_____ algae are marine organisms

their cell walls provide polysaccharides (sugar and carrageenan)

why are red algae important

red algae

the polysaccharides from _______ algae are used as solidifying and emulsion agents in baked gods, dairy products, cosmetics

red

some _______ algae are seaweed eaten by people

phycoerythrin

red algae have a red __________ pigment

red algae

______ algae lack flagella

- food source and additive
- used by biologists to grow bacteria

role of red algae

green algae

______ algae live in freshwater

- in colonies
- as single celled organisms

how to green algae live

- cellulose
- chloroplast

cell wall of green algae is made up of what

green algae

the most abundant algae

- food source
- medicine
- in aquatic environments, they are primary producers and release amount of oxygen in system
- fertilizer

role of green algae

- primary producer
- releases amounts of oxygen (making ecosystem healthy)

importance of algae to humans

charophytes

which sub-group of green algae is closely related to plants

charophytes have:
- nuclear and chloroplast genes
- cellulose synthesizing proteins (cellulose cell wall)
- presence of chlorophyll a and b
- structure of flagellated sperm
- gamete producing structures

evidence that green algae is related to land plants

- obtaining resources
- internal transport and support
- reproduction

challenges against living on land for plants

desiccation because they lacked an endless water supply

land plant challenge of obtaining resources

- roots to absorb water from soil
- waxy cuticles to prevent evaporation from leaves
- stomata in leaves allowing gas exchange
- vascular system

plant adaption to live on land for obtaining resources/avoid desiccation

- vascular tissues transport water and nutrients
- plants faced greater gravitational pull on land (because water provided buoyancy)

land plant challenge of internal transport and support

cell walls with ligin that gave plants structure to withstand pull of gravity

land plant adaptation for support

change in relative sizes and independence of gametophyte and sporotype generations

land plant challenge of reproduction

- gametes = pollen
- ovary and zygote = seed
- various adaptations to protect gametes and zygote from drying out

land plant adaption for reproduction

- abundant sunlight
- CO2 more readily available (diffuses faster in air)
- no predators threatened plant life early on (because land plants evolved before land animals)

benefits for early plants as they evolved to live on land

- bryophytes
- vascular, seedless
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

4 main categories of plants

bryophytes

plants that are nonvascular, seedless plants

example of bryophytes

mosses, liverworts, hornworts are examples of what type of plant

small

are bryophytes large or small

don't have a vascular system so if they were tall it would be impossible to transport water and nutrients

why are bryophytes small

vascular, seedless plants

plants that have vascular tissue but don't produce seeds

vascular, seedless plants

ferns, horsetails are examples of what type of plant

gymnosperms

plants that are vascular, non-flowering, seed plants

gymnosperms

conifers, pine trees, cyads are examples of what type of plant

angiosperms

plants that are vascular, flowering, seed plants

seeds

after flowering, angiosperms produce _______

angiosperms

roses, petunias, daffodils, grasses, oak trees, grass are examples of what type of plant

diploid

sporophytes are diploid/haploid

haploid spores

sporophytes produces diploid/haploid spores

meiosis (diploid --> haploid)

sporophytes use what type of reproductive strategy

haploid

gametophytes are diploid/haploid

haploid

gametophytes produce male and female gametes which are diploid/haploid

mitosis (haploid --> haploid)

reproductive strategy of gametophytes

- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular

that type of plants have motile gametes

- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that have non-motile gametes

- green algae
- bryophyte

type of plants that have gametophyte dominant stage

- seedless vascular
- gymnosperm
- angiosperm

types of plants that have sporophyte dominant stage

- green algae
- bryophyte

type of plants that 1N (haploid) dominant stage

- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that have 2N (diploid) dominant stage

- green algae
- bryophyte
- seedless vascular

type of plants that are homosporous (only have 1 spore)

- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that are heterosporous (more than 1 spore)

- green algae
- bryophyte
- seedless vascular

type of plants that have free standing water for fertilization

- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that do not have free standing water for fertilization

- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular

type of plants that don't produce seeds

- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that produce seeds

- green algae
- bryophytes

type of plants with dependent sporophytes

- gymnosperm
- angiosperm

type of plants with dependent gametophytes

- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms

type of plants that have vascular tissue

- green algae
- bryophytes

type of plants that do not have vascular tissue

angiosperms

type of plants that flower

- green algae
- bryophytes
- seedless vascular
- gymnosperms

type of plants that do not flower

vegetative reproduction

mitosis and fertilization is _________ reproduction

taking cuttings and culturing the cutting to make a new plant

many houseplants reproduce asexually by...

a single leaf

new plants can be started from...

genetically identical because of mitosis

new plants that have been produced asexually are ___________________ to the plant derived from. this is because of ________

diploid sporophytes for genetic diversity

population of plants that arose form asexual reproduction

2 alleles are present so if one doesn't work with the environment the other one can thrive

genetic diversity allows plants to adapt because...

vegetative portion and reproduction

shoot system has what 2 portions

vegetative portion

portion of leaves and stems

reproductive portion

portion of flowers and fruits

root system

supports plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground

meristems

plant regions of continuous cell division and growth

meristematic tissue cells

cells that are either differentiated or incompletely differentiated and continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant

apical meristem

contains meristematic tissue located at tips of stems and roots which enable plant to extend in length

lateral meristem

facilitate growth in thickness or girth in maturing plant

dermal tissue

covers and protects plant

vascular tissue

transports water, minerals and sugars to different parts of the plant

ground tissue

serves as site for photosynthesis, provides supporting matrix for vascular tissue and helps to store water and sugars

vascular bundle

structure formed by xylem and phloem

tap root system

main root grows down vertically and many smaller lateral roots arise

fibrous root system

located closer to soil surface and forms dense network of roots that helps prevent soil erosion

stamen

male reproductive parts of flower

filament and anther

stamen is made up of what

filament

supporting structure of stamen

anther

where male gametophyte (pollen) is produced

carpel

female reproductive parts of flower

- stigma
- style
- ovary

parts of carpel

stigma

where pollen grains land and sperm from pollen start to penetrate carpel

style

long stalk supporting stigma

sperm forms pollen tube through style to travel from stigma to ovary

how is sperm able to travel form stigma to ovary

ovary

where eggs develop and are fertilized

pollination

transfer of pollen grains to receptive stigma

- air
- water
- insects
- birds

agents that carry out pollination

fertilization

fusions of a sperm with an egg

after pollination

fertilization occurs _____ pollination

seed

mature ovules containing the plant embryo, food reserves for growing embryo, and seed coat for protection