APWH CH 27 - Ottoman Empire & Qing China

ayan

the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.

Selim III

Ottoman sultan (1789–1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy; assassinated by Janissaries.

Mahmud II

19th-century Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents.

Tanzimat reforms

Western-style reforms within the Ottoman empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876.

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan (1878–1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties.

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Young Turks; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.

Muhammad Ali

controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.

Suez Canal

built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.

Ahmad Arabi

student of Muhammad Abduh; led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government; defeated when the khedive called in British aid.

Muhammad Ahmad

head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both British and Egyptians as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.

Mahdi

in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan.

Qing

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.

compradors

wealthy group of merchants under the Qing; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast

Lin Zexu/Opium War

19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China

Taiping Rebellion

massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.

Boxer Rebellion

popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.

Puyi

last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912.