Intro to Animal Science

Bovine

pertaining to cows or cattle

Heifer

Immature Female cattle (has NOT had babies)

Cow

mature female cattle

Bull

mature male cattle

Steer

castrated male cattle

calf

young bovine

Calving

labor process of cows

Ovine

scientific name for sheep

Ewe

mature female sheep

Ram

intact male sheep

Wether (sheep)

castrated male sheep

Lamb

young ovine

Lambing

labor process of sheep

Swine

pig

Sow

Mature female pig

Gilt

immature female pig (has NOT had babies)

Boar

mature male pig

Barrow

castrated male pig

Piglet

young swine

Farrowing

labor process of swine

Caprine

scientific name for goats

Doe (caprine)

female goat

Buck (caprine)

intact male goat

Wether (caprine)

castrated male goat

Kid

young caprine

Equine

Horse

Mare

Mature female horse

Filly

immature female horse

Stallion

mature male horse

Gelding

castrated male horse

Foal

Young equine

Foaling

the labor process of horses

Kidding

labor process of goats

Rabbits

Still rabbit😎

Doe (rabbit)

mature female rabbit

Buck (rabbit)

mature male rabbit

Kit

young rabbit

Kindling

labor process of rabbits

Poultry

chicken and turkey

Hen (turkey)

mature female turkey

Jenny

immature female turkey

Tom

Mature male turkey

Capon (turkey)

Immature male turkey

Poult

young turkey

Hen (chicken)

mature female chicken

Pullet

immature female chicken

Rooster

mature male chicken

Cockerel

immature male chicken

Capon

castrated male chicken

Chick

young chicken

Hatching

Chicken or turkey emerging from egg

A small remnent of something that was once much larger/ noticeable 

vestigial

Hached/ born in an advanced state/ able to feet itself a stand

Precocial

Herritable trait that will serve a specific function and improves an organisms fitness or survival 

Adaptation

The suitability of an organism to the prevailing conditions of its enviorment

Fitness

Descent with modification from pre-existing species that takes millions of years with enviorment as a primary force

Evolution

when most of todays animals ancestors came, along with the fisrt chordate around 540 million years ago

cambrian explosion

Why is the cambrian explosion known as a paradox 

because evolution isnt supposted to happen that fast , most major phyla appeared 

65 million years ago, first homo appear

tertiary

“entierly new” from 11,700-present current era

Holocene

Organisms arise + develop through natural selection variation that increase a species ability to compete,survive, and reproduce 

Charles Darwins theory 

all species arise from one common ancestor, as differances grow new genera, order, phyla occur

Tree of Life (charles Darwin)

1) a captive niche tobe filled or some kind of requierment for the animal in society 2) fairly “plastic”/ able to adapt to a wide reange of dietary and enviormental conditions 3) should be easy to breed 4) social structure/ gregarious 5) Low aggression towards same species 6) precocial young

E.O prices preadaptations for Domestication

What domestic animals DON’T fit E.O prices preadaptations for domestication

Dogs and cats are both altricial at birth and cats are carnivores

Altricial

Hatched/ born underdeveloped/ needing care and feeding from parents

Why did people domesticat animals 

Growing population and agrarian society 

Mesopotamia

Where domestication started (moden day Iran and Iraq)

Dommesticated 20,000 years ago

Dogs domesication

desendent of grey wolf (Canis lupus)

Dogs taxonomy

Domesticated 12,000 years ago

Cats Domestication

desendent of middle eastern wild cat

Cats ancestors

Domesticated 11,000 years ago

Goats domestication 

Desendent of bezoar

Goats ancestors 

Domesticated 10,000 years ago (bovine)

Cattle domestication

Decendent of Aurochs

Cattle ancestors

Domesticated 10,000 years ago (ovine)descendant of mouflon, Ovis gmelini)

Sheep domestication

desendent of mouflon

Sheep ancestors

Domesticated 9,000 years ago

Pigs Domestication

Desendent of European wild boar

Pigs ancestors

Domesticated 7,000-10,000 years ago

Chicken domestication

Desendent of Southeast Asian Red Junglefowl

Chicken ancestors

Domesticated 6,000 years ago

Horses domestication

Desendent of pliohippus 

Horses ancestors 

most phenotypic variation within mammalian species

Canis Familiaris

1) All living things are composed of cells 2) the cell is the fundemental unit of structure 3) All living things come from pre-existing cells

The Cell Theory

Made from phosolipid bilayer, protects the cell, and selectivly permeable  

Cell membrane 

Made up of Cytosol and organelles and gives volume to the cell

Cytoplasm

Modifying and packaging center, prepares proteins for transport outside of the cell, packages proteins in a vacuole

Golgi Apparatus

Site of protein synthasis, can be found in cytoplasm or bond to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome 

contains ribosomes makes proteins for transport

ROUGH Endoplasmic Reticulum

Dosen’t contain ribosomes and makes lipids for carbohydrates

Smoother Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of cellular respetation (creates energy from glucose), makes ATP (kerbs cycle), powerhouse of the cell 

Mitcondria 

Store DNA, makes Rna and ribosomes, surrounded by nuclear membrane “brain of the cell”

Nucleus

site for waste disposal

Lysosomes

A cylindrical structure used to make spindle fibers for cell replication

Centiole

Deoxyribonucleic acid, blueprint for an organism, (double helix) Sugar-phosphate backbone, Rungs of nucleotide base pairs

DNA

Only two possible DNA pairings (Thymine + Adenine, and Cytosine + Guanine)

Chargaff’s Rule for DNA 

Ribonucleic Acid, single stranded molecule, and uses DNA as a template

RNA

Rule for changes in RNA ( Uracil + Adenine, and Cytosine + Guanine) 

Chargaff’s rule for RNA

occurs in the nucleus, Synthesis of Mrna from DNA, controlled by segments of DNA called transcription factors (can turn a gene on and off + how often that gene is espressed)

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