Forensic medicine

Puppe's rule

→ to differentiate first shot fired from subsequent ones.

States that in case of fracture of skull due to gunshot wounds I first shot restricts the fracture produced by subsequent shots.

Kennedy phenomenon

Surgical interventions in a firearm entry wound leading to difficulty in interpreting injury

Unusual circumstances of firearm injuries

1) single entry wound with multiple exit wounds:

Single bullet fragments into multiple pices and comes out through multiple sites.

2)Single shot with multiple entry and exit wounds:

Single bullet passing through a folded knee that enters through front of thigh then exits

From the back and re enters from back of leg and exits through front.

Types of bullets

① Tandem /piggyback bullet - fails to eject the first time on firing second time both bullets enter

Through same entry wound; one after the other.

②Ricochet bullet - deflected I deviated bullet that hits an intermediary objected before the uninterrupted target ; entry wound is characterised by absence of abrasion collar due to loss Of gyroscopic movement

③ Dum Dum bullet - manufactured in dum dum West Bengal, Indiafragments on hitting the target to increase wounding capacity

④ Trace bullet- traces its path with smoke after ejecting used for training purpose.

⑤ Incendiary bullet - contains phosphorous which explodes or catches fire on impact with target

⑥ Frangible bullet- made of iron mushrooms or disintegrates on impact with target

Abortificient drugs

①ecbolics - ↑uterine contraction; quinine , ergot, oestrogen

②Emmenagogues: ↑ menstrual blood loss; borax , oestrogen , sarin, sanguinarine

③Git Irritants: cAstor, calotropis, MgSO4

④Gut irritants: cantharide, turpentine

@Systemic: lead, copper, mercury , iron

Impotence quod hanc

Impotence( inability to achieve & maintain penile ercetion )towards one particular woman

Impotence quad hunc for women

Fecundation ab extra

Conception in a female without penile penetration

Signs of a baby born dead

Post most examination in a dead baby/infant

Sexual offences

Rape

Functions of state medical council; what is state medical council

Chat comprises the Indian medical council I functions?

Professional misconduct / infamous conduct

Conduct on the part of doctor during the practice of his profession that is considered disgraceful or dishonourable by his professional brethren of good repute and company

What are the 6A'S of professional misconduct

What do you mean by privileged communication

It is a statement made bonafidE on a subject by a doctor to the concerned authority due to hisduty to the community

This is an exception to the professional secrecy; the doctor cannot be held responsible for damages

Negligence

The omission to do something that a reasonable man guided with considerations that

Therapeutic misadventure

It is used as a defence when a case of negligence is filed

This doctrine states that “ill effects due to an unintentional act by the doctor or agent of doctor “ Cannot be considered as medical negligence.

This can only be used when a doctor has taken au the necessary steps to avoid a situation that may arise when adopting a particular line of management.

Vicarious liability

It means .”liability lies elsewhere “‘ here one person is held accountablr for the actions of another cg: the employer, hospital or treating institution is accountable for its doctors.

It has the following doctrines:

① respondent superior

② Borrowed servant

③ Captain of the ship

Res judicata

Means "a matter already Solved”.

When a case of negligence has already been decided by the court, the complainant cannot file a fresh action against the erring doctor.

Consent

"Two persons are saidto be in consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense

Gustafson's method

six criteria based on wear and tear:

① attrition

②Periodontosis

③secondary dentine

④ root resorption

⑤ root transparency

⑥ Cementum apposition