Biology Unit 3 - Biochemistry

9H Biology A-Block

Organic Compound

produced by/occur naturally in organisms

Organic Compound

ex. Breast milk

organic compound

ex. hemoglobin

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Six most common elements found in organic compounds?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur  

CHONPS 

hydrocarbon 

chain/ring of carbon atoms w /hydrogen atoms ONLY 

substituted hydrocarbon

hydrocarbon w/ one or more “functional groups” replacing hydrogen 

Hydroxyl Group 

–OH, A single oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

Carboxyl group 

–COOH, A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group. 

Carboxyl 

which is acidic? Carboxyl group or Hydroxyl group? 

hydroxyl 

which forms alcohols? Carboxyl group or Hydroxyl group? 

Carboxyl groups 

which forms acids? Carboxyl groups or Hydroxyl groups?

biological macromolecules 

large, complex substituted organic molecules with specific roles in organisms 

monomers

single unit building blocks of larger molecules 

polymer 

long chain of monomers, large molecules 

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 major groups of biological macromolecules

carbohydrates 

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ONLY, used primarily as a source of energy in cellular respiration 

structural compounds 

molecules where the arrangement of atoms and bonds determines their properties, often represented by a structural formula that shows how atoms are connected

T

T or F, some carbohydrates function as structural compounds 

monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrates, monomers

ose

what do the names of monosaccharides end in?

monosaccharides

single ringed and also called sugars

isomers 

two molecules that share the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas 

disaccharides

double ringed sugar, not monomer

disaccharides 

form through dehydration synthesis 

dehydration synthesis 

formation of a bond between monomers caused by the removal of water (H20) 

hydrolysis

breaking of a bond between monomers by adding water

hydrolysis

opposite of dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

opposite of hydrolysis

polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates/polymers

polysaccharides

made up of chains of monosaccharides

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

four types of polysaccharides:

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what three elements make up carbohydrates? 

1:2:1

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a monosaccharide

cellular respiration 

the main use of carbohydrates in the diet of living things is a source of energy in ______

1

number of monomer units in monosaccharides

2

number of monomer units in disaccharides

10+

number of monomer units in polysaccharides

glucose

example of monosaccharide:

maltose 

example of disaccharide of glucose: 

glucose polymer (starch)

example of polysaccharide of glucose:

starch, cellulose 

name two polysaccharides commonly found in plants:

chitin, cellulose

name two structural polysaccharides:

glycogen

what is another name for “animal starch”?

liver

where is glycogen found?

starch

in what form do plants store excess glucose

starch 

molecule in which plants store excess sugar in roots, stems, and leaves? 

cellulose 

tough, structural polysaccharides found in plant cells walls, can not be digested 

in plant cells walls

where is cellulose found?

glycogen 

molecule used by animals to store excess sugar in the liver

glucose 

what does this show 

glycogen

highly branched carbohydrate

chitin 

tough structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects, spiders,crustaceans. found in cell wall of fungi

fibrous

found in hair, nails, feathers, skin, muscle, (structure). what what type of protein?

proteins

perform functions: hormones, antibodies, and enzymes. what biological macromolecule?

protein structure 

______ is key to how living things look and function. 

amino acids

monomers of proteins

20

how many different types of amino acids are there?

9

how many amino acids are essential, how many need to be obtained through diet, bc human body can’t make.

replacement group

differs between each specific amino acid.

R group

syn for replacement group

amino acids

this is the general formula for what?

replacement group

what does the “R” in this formula stand for?

polypeptides

polymer, type of amino acid. long chain of amino acids.

polypeptides

range in size from 50 amino acids to 100k

hydrogen bond 

weak force of attraction that can form between amino acids

dipeptide

two linked amino acids

peptide bond 

name of the special bond that holds together a chain of amino acids. 

proteins

one or more polypeptides (long chain of amino acids.) folded into specific shape

enzymes

organic catalysts

ase 

what do the names of enzymes end in? 

enzymes 

react only with a substrate that matches its unique 3D shape

substrate 

the specific substance(s) undergoing a chemical reaction. enzymes temporarily bond to this 

catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed/destroyed itself

Lock and Key theory

describes how enzymes promote reactions

Hydrocarbons

What are the simplest organic molecules?

monomer

 What is the general term for a repeating building block unit of a complex macromolecule

proteins

Which group of organic macromolecules includes sucrase?

Carbohydrates

Which group of organic macromolecules includes maltose?

monosaccharide

When starch is broken down by enzymes, what is the specific name for the simplest molecules formed?

polypeptide

What is the general name for a polymer protein?

dehydration synthesis bonds

What is the name for the special bonds that hold together simples sugars in a polysaccharide?

dehydration synthesis

What is the name for the chemical process which results in the formation peptide bonds 

enzyme

What specific type of protein is considered an organic catalyst?

functional group

an atom or group of atoms that determines a molecule's chemical properties

functional group

What is the name for a specific group of atoms, such as -COOH, that alters the properties of a hydrocarbon?

Globular

What is the name for the general group of proteins, including hormones and antibodies,whose function depends on their specific shape? adj

Isomers

What is the name given to two molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas?

Hydrogen

What is the name for the type of bond that helps bind the substrate in the correct position with an enzyme to form the activated complex?  

Denaturation

The term for the destruction of the normal shape of a protein based on temperature or pH?

glycogen

What is the name for the molecule known as "animal starch" stored in our liver? 

4

How many bonds does carbon normally form when it is stable?

replacement group

The general structure of an amino acid is altered by changing a particular group of atoms known as?

chitin

What is the name for the form of carbohydrate that is found in the exoskeleton of insects?

b

In the "Lock and Key Theory" of enzyme function: a) One enzyme can catalyze reactions with many different substrates to promote different chemical reactions, b) An enzyme has a very specific shape and can only accept a very specific shaped substrate; enzymes are therefore substrate specific, c) An enzyme functions to speed a chemical reaction once; the enzyme is destroyed in the process

Cellulose

This polysaccharide resists hydrolysis from enzymes and is utilized by plants to build cell walls.

reaction coordinate

displays the progress of a chemical reaction