ARCH2701 (LECTURE2)- Early Humans – The Beginnings of Architecture

_ _ is the type of architecture produced by early human groups and culture to get basic shelter and protection.

Prehistoric Architecture

Paleolithic

(old stone age/nomadic hunter gathers)

Mesolithic

(middle stone age/hunter gathers in small communities)

Neolithic

(new stone age/rise of agriculture and larger settlements)

_ _ generally sheltered in caves and temporary structures, used fire, and fashioned single tools made from stone.

Paleolithic people

goddess figurine, fertility, limestone

Venus of Willendorf (Paleolithic art)

___ is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings.(Paleolithic art)

Lascaux

The Great Hall of Bulls

A cave painting at Lascaux.

A _ _ _ is typically a circular or oval structure with walls made of stacked large mammoth bones.(Paleolithic Architecture)

mammoth bone dwelling

In the ___ we see the development of the idea of a structural frame / skeleton (wood) covered in a planar material cladding (grass/thatch, skin, mud).

Mesolithic

During the _ building technology and ritual architecture began to flourish.

_,_,_ constructed of stone and gained prominence on the landscape.

Neolithic, monuments, temples, tombs

The excavation _ of revealed 18 successive layers of building. It was first excavated by James _.

Catalhoyuk, Mellaart

Within Catalhoyuk the inhibits lived in mudbrick houses that were crammed together in structure, rooftops were effectively _.

aggregate, streets

In Andalucia, Spain; 4000 – 2000 BCE, _ _ is the largest fortified Neolithic settlement discovered

Los Millares

A _ is a large prehistoric stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or together with other stones. Also can refer to as the overall constructed monument.

Megalith

A _ is a large upright standing stone, seen alone or in alignments of rows or shapes

Mehir

_ are a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone.

Dolmens

_ _ are located in Carnac, France; ca. 4500 BCE and are more than 3,000 menhir in various groupings.

Carnac Alignments

A _ is a prehistoric circular or oval earthen enclosure.

Henge

perhaps most famous monument from prehistoric times

Stonehenge

In building construction, a system where two upright members, the posts, hold up a third member, the lintel, laid horizontally across their top surfaces. All structural openings have evolved from this system.

Post and Lintel

True or False. Stonehenge has a curved lintel.

true

In the Mesolithic we see the development of the idea of a structural frame / skeleton (_) covered in a planar material cladding (_/_, _,_).

wood, grass/thatch, skin, mud

First example of Town Planning - Map of Çatalhöyük, Anatolia, Turkey ca. 7000 BCE

Pseudo _ system: Based on the oldest authenticated map in the world

orthogonal

Neolithic proto-city in Anatolia, Turkey ca. 7000 BCE

Catalhoyuk

The key feature of every henge is a ring-

shaped bank on the ___ and a ring-

shaped ditch on the ___ that mark out a

central, circular area.

outside,inside

It seems most likely that henges were ___/___ spaces.

ceremonial,religious

True or False. All structural openings have evolved from the Post and Lintel system.

True

Label stonehenge graphic

curved lintel, mortise-and-tenon joints

For Mortise-and-tenon joints the knobs are _.

visible