Social L7

What are the main learning objectives of this topic?

Understand major theories of emotion; Differentiate emotion from mood; Understand how mood influences effort and performance; Identify different types of motivation and dopamine's role; Understand how heart activity influences emotion regulation and health.

What is an emotion?

A short-term psychological state triggered by an event or stimulus

What are examples of stimuli that trigger emotions?

External events; Memories; Imagination; Thoughts.

What are the characteristics of emotions?

Triggered by events; Object-directed; Bodily responses; Subjective feelings; Behavioural responses.

What is a mood?

A long-lasting

What is the difference between mood and emotion?

Emotion: short-lasting

Which prepares the body for action: mood or emotion?

Emotion.

What did Charles Darwin propose about emotions?

Emotions evolved because they increase survival through rapid adaptive responses.

What emotions did Darwin consider adaptive?

Fear; Anger; Joy; Disgust.

What is the James-Lange Theory?

Physiological responses occur first

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously after a stimulus.

What is the Two-Factor Theory (Schachter & Singer)?

Emotion results from physiological arousal plus cognitive interpretation (labelling) of that arousal.

What are the three contemporary theories of emotion?

Basic Emotion Theory; Appraisal Theory; Psychological Construction Theory.

Who proposed Basic Emotion Theory?

Paul Ekman (1999).

What are Ekman's six basic emotions?

Fear; Anger; Sadness; Disgust; Happiness; Surprise.

What are secondary emotions?

More complex emotions formed by combining basic emotions (e.g.

What are affect programs?

Innate neural mechanisms that automatically generate emotional responses.

According to Basic Emotion Theory

what is the sequence of emotion?

What are the four principles of Basic Emotion Theory?

Distinctness; Universality; Innateness; Concordance.

What does distinctness mean?

Each emotion has unique physiological and behavioural patterns.

What does universality mean?

Basic emotions are found across cultures and species.

What does innateness mean?

Emotions are biologically programmed rather than learned.

What does concordance mean?

Facial expressions

What is the central idea of Appraisal Theory?

Emotions depend on how individuals interpret events

What is the sequence in Appraisal Theory?

Stimulus → Appraisal → Emotional Response.

Why can two people experience different emotions to the same event?

Because they appraise (interpret) the situation differently.

What automatic appraisal dimensions exist?

Novelty; Valence; Certainty.

Which appraisal dimensions require conscious awareness?

Goal relevance; Social norms; Personal values.

Who is most associated with Psychological Construction Theory?

Lisa Feldman Barrett.

What does Psychological Construction Theory argue?

Emotions are constructed from core affect

Does Psychological Construction Theory support affect programs?

No.

What is core affect?

A person's basic feeling state based on valence and arousal.

What is valence?

How pleasant or unpleasant a feeling is.

What is arousal?

How activated or calm someone feels.

Can core affect exist without conscious awareness?

Yes.

Which theory believes emotions are biologically programmed?

Basic Emotion Theory.

Which theory emphasises interpretation?

Appraisal Theory.

Which theory argues emotions are constructed?

Psychological Construction Theory.

Why is physiology important in emotion?

All major emotion theories include physiological changes as part of emotional experience.

According to William James

can emotion exist without bodily changes?

Give examples of bodily expressions of emotion.

Butterflies; Lump in throat; Heavy heart; Sick to stomach; Blood runs cold.

What cardiovascular measures assess emotion?

Heart rate; Blood pressure; Heart rate variability (HRV); Pre-ejection period (PEP).

What respiratory measures assess emotion?

Respiration rate; Respiration depth.

What electrodermal measures assess emotion?

Skin conductance; Skin temperature; EMG.

What neural techniques measure emotion?

EEG; fMRI.

What self-report measures assess emotion?

PANAS; SAM.

What does EMG measure?

Tiny muscle movements (e.g.

What does skin conductance measure?

Sweating caused by emotional arousal.

What is EEG commonly used for in emotion research?

Measuring electrical brain activity.

Which EEG response increases during emotional stimuli?

Late Positive Potential (LPP).

What does left prefrontal activation indicate?

Positive affect and approach motivation.

What does right prefrontal activation indicate?

Negative affect.

How can emotions be induced in laboratories?

IAPS images; Film clips; Music; Autobiographical recall; Trier Social Stress Test; Virtual Reality.

What is the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)?

A standardised collection of emotionally evocative pictures.

What did cross-cultural research find about physiological emotion responses?

Distinct autonomic patterns appear across cultures

What did disgust studies show?

Different types of disgust produce different physiological responses.

What does this suggest about emotions?

The same emotion can involve different physiological patterns.

What is motivation?

The processes that energise and direct behaviour toward goals.

Which neurotransmitter is strongly involved in motivation?

Dopamine.

What type of motivation is dopamine especially associated with?

Reward seeking and goal-directed behaviour.

According to Gendolla's Mood-Behaviour Model

how do moods influence behaviour?

What are informational effects?

Mood changes how situations are judged.

What are directive effects?

Mood influences what actions people want to perform.

How does mood affect resource mobilisation?

It changes how much effort people are willing to invest.

How do people in negative moods perceive tasks?

As more demanding.

What physiological response increases with negative mood during tasks?

Cardiovascular effort responses.

What does Motivational Intensity Theory state?

People invest only the effort needed for success

When does effort increase?

As perceived task difficulty increases.

When does effort decrease?

When success seems impossible or not worth the effort.

What is PEP?

The time between the heart's electrical activation and the opening of the aortic valve.

What does a shorter PEP indicate?

Greater effort mobilisation.

Why is PEP useful?

It provides an objective cardiovascular measure of effort.

How does depression affect easy tasks?

People exert more effort because they perceive them as harder.

How does depression affect difficult tasks?

People give up sooner because the effort becomes unjustified.

What are the three major contemporary theories of emotion?

Basic Emotion Theory; Appraisal Theory; Psychological Construction Theory.

What are the two dimensions of core affect?

Valence; Arousal.

Which theory emphasises affect programs?

Basic Emotion Theory.

Which theory emphasises appraisal?

Appraisal Theory.

Which theory emphasises construction from core affect?

Psychological Construction Theory.

What is the key difference between mood and emotion?

Emotions are short-lived

What is motivation?

The reason for one's actions; the psychological force that drives behaviour toward goals.

What does the word motives literally imply?

Motion or movement—it facilitates action.

How is motivation linked to behaviour?

It activates motor systems that help initiate and sustain goal-directed behaviour.

Define motivation.

A mental state or force that induces voluntary action.

Who developed Self-Determination Theory?

Richard Ryan and Edward Deci.

What are the two main types of motivation in Self-Determination Theory?

Intrinsic (internal); Extrinsic (external).

What is extrinsic motivation?

Behaviour driven by external rewards or pressures.

Give examples of extrinsic motivation.

Money; Praise; Approval; Avoiding punishment; Grades.

What is meant by the ought self?

Behaviours performed because you feel you should do them.

When is extrinsic motivation strongest?

When external pressures or rewards are present.

What are the disadvantages of extrinsic motivation?

Less commitment; Less knowledge sharing; Lower positive self-perception; Greater exhaustion.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Behaviour driven by personal interest or enjoyment.

What rewards intrinsic motivation?

The activity itself.

What is the ideal self?

Behaviours that reflect personal interests and values.

Why is intrinsic motivation generally stronger?

Because behaviour continues even without rewards or incentives.

What are the benefits of intrinsic motivation?

Greater commitment; Better performance; More spontaneous behaviour; More knowledge sharing; Less exhaustion.

Which neurotransmitter is central to motivation?

Dopamine.

What are dopamine's main functions?

Reward processing; Motivation; Motor planning; Motor coordination.

Which brain regions are most important for dopamine and motivation?

Nucleus accumbens; Basal ganglia; Prefrontal cortex.

What happens when dopamine is too low?

Parkinson's disease (movement problems); Schizophrenia (avolition).