Chem 2 Test 3 Chemical equilibrium and acids and bases

Kinetics

rate of reaction

Equilibrium

Thermodynamics of the reaction

K is the....

equilibrium constant

Larger k values

Reaction moves to the right

Smaller k values

Reaction moves to the left

Law of man action

Relationship between the balanced chemical equation and expression of the equilibrium constant

relationship formula between Kp and Kc

Kp=Kc(RT)^delta n

Kp can equal Kc only when...

when n = 0

Liquids and solids do...

...do not appear apart of the equilibrium

Reaction Quotient (Q)

Used to determine which way the equilibrium is shifting

Q>K

EQ shift left

Q

EQ shifts right

Q=1

In equilibrium

Q=(∞)

EQ shifts left!

Q=0

EQ shifts right!

Arrhenius definition

Acids produce H+

Bases produce OH-

Brontsted-Lowry theory

acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors

Water is a ____ meaning it can act as an acid and base

amphoteric

Smaller the Ka values...

....stronger the acid

In acid solutions, [H3O+] ___ [OH-]

> (greater than)

In base solutions, [H3O+] ___ [OH-]

< (Lesser than)

Neutral solutions [H3O+] ___ [OH-]

= (equal)

In pure water, concentrations of [H3O+] and [OH-] are..

are equal

Le Chatlier's Principle

When a chemical system at equilibrium is stressed/disturbed , the system shifts in the direction that minimizes the disturbance

concentration: Adding reactants shifts equilibrium

to the right (products)

concentration: removing reactants shifts equilibrium

to the left (reactants)

concentration: Adding products shifts equilibrium

to the left (reactants)

concentration: removing products shifts equilibrium

to the right (products)

Temperature: Exothermic

heat is a product (left) delta H = negative

Temperature: endothermic

heat is added (right) delta H = postive

As temperature increases

heat decreases, shifts to the left

As temperature decreases

heat increases, shifts to the right

Monoprotic

an acid that can donate only one proton (H+ ion) per molecule (e.g., HCl)

diprotic

acid that can donate two protons (H⁺ ions) per molecule (e.g., H2SO4)

Triprotic

acid that can donate three protons (H⁺ ions) per molecule (e.g., H3PO4)

Lewis acid

electron pair acceptor

Lewis Base

electron pair dono

binary acid

an acid that contains only two different elements: hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements

Oxyacids

acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element (usually a nonmetal)

Periodic trend for acids

acidity increases from left to right and from top to bottom

percent ionization

(the concentration of ionized acid in a solution) / (the initial concentration of acid) multiplied by 100%

unstable conjugate base

weak acid

stable conjugate base

strong acid

apply pressure

shifts to the right

decrease pressure

shifts the left