Anatomy and physiology (Part 2)

Matter

Is anything that has mass and occupies matter consist of substances that can either be element orcompounds

Elements

Are pure substances: they can't be broken down or decomposed into two or more substances

Compounds

Are chemical combinations of two or more elements.

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How many elements are found in the human body?

Atoms

Particles that elements consist

Protons, neutron, and electrons

Smaller particles that atom consist

Nucleus

Proton and neutron are packed together in the center of the atom

Atomic number

The number of proton in the nucleus

Atomic weight

The number of protons and neutrons added together

Isotopes

Atom of an element that contain the same numbers of neutron

Protium

The most common form of hydrogen. Has one proton and no neutron

Deuterium

Less common form of hydrogen was one proton and one neutron

Tritium

One proton and two neutrons

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bout

Three types of chemical bond

Ionic bond

Formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom

Discociate

When ionic bond break

Electrolytes

Compound that jonize in water and create a solution capable of conquering electricity

Covalent bonds

Are formed the two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons as they a hump to fill their outer shells

Hydrogen bonds

Is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

Energy

Is the capacity to do work: to put matter into motion. in the body this could mean moving a muscle or moving a blood cell.

Potential energy

Stored energy

Kinetic energy

Energy in motion

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reaction in the body

Catabolism

Involves breaking down complex compound into simpler ones. (Fasting state)

Anabolism

Energy input (feeding state)

Chemical reaction

Involves formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Synthesis chemical reaction

Two or more substances combines to form a different more complex substance.

Decomposition chemical reaction

A complex substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

Exchange chemical reaction

Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms, which form two new compounds

Reversible reactions

Can go either direction under different circumstances. These reaction symbolized by arrow pointed in both directions

Inorganic molecule

Is essential to human life include water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide as well as acids and bases

Water

Fifty percent or more of an adult's body weight.it exist within and around cells and is an essential component of blood. Unlike any other fluid.

Compound

When two or more element combine to create a new substance that has its own chemical properties

Mixture

Results when two or more substances blends together rather than chemically combine. Each substance retains its own chemical properties, and, because they're not chemically combined, the substance can be separated.

Types of mixture

Solution, colloids and suspension

Solution

Consist of particles of matter called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance called solvent

Colloid

Usually mixture of protein and water. This can change from liquid to gel

Suspension

Contain large particles, making the suspension cloudy or even opaque. If allowed to stand, the particles will separate and settle at the bottom of the container

Organic compounds

This term is used to describe the vast array of compounds containing carbon.

Four major groups of organic substances in the human body

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Nuclei acids

This acids consist of thousand and thousand of smaller molecules called nucleotides.

DNA

The largest molecule in the body- carries the genetic code for every neredetany characteristics.

RNA

Usually a simple strand of nucleotides, copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis

ATP

Stores the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients and provide it to fuel cellular reactions.