Lesson 14: Animal Blood Circulation

What is the role of circulatory systems?

Maintain pH in circulation of proteins and cells of immune system

• circulate gases, nutrients, and rid of waste

What two major molecules does the circulatory system transport and remove?

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

What does the circulatory system remove?

Carbon Dioxide and waste

What does the circulatory system transport?

Oxygen and nutrients

How do single celled organisms circulate substances?

use cell surface as point of exchange with external environment

How do multi-cellular organisms circulate nutrients, etc. ?

transport and move nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the entire body

• more complex system

What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?

Transportation of all materials for metabolism, regulation of body system through hormones and temp regulation, protection for mechanical wounds and pathogens

What is blood plasma and what does it consist of?

solution of mainly water that circulates several kinds of elements throughout the body (formed elements)

What are the formed elements that make up 45% of the total blood volume and lack nuclei?

Erythrocytes

What pigment is contained in red blood cells and binds and transports Oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What formed elements form white blood cells, make up less than 1% of blood volume, and are important for pathogen defense?

Leukocytes

What formed elements are cell fragments that play an important role in blood clotting and are also called thrombocytes?

Platelets

True or False: formed element lifespans are limited and they are continually replaced

True

What cells develop into formed elements in the bone marrow?

Pluripotent stem cells

What is the production of blood cells from bone marrow called?

Hematopoiesis

What is the hormone that is converted from plasma protein by the kidney when Oxygen in the blood drops?

Erythropoietin(EPO)

What is the process of Erythropoietin stimulating production of Erythrocytes?

Erythropoiesis

Increased EPO _____ red blood cell production and Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

increased

The injection of what hormone is now banned and enabled better athletic performance for endurance athletes?

EPO

What occurs after a cut?

vessel walls constrict and platelets congregate around the wound to seal it off

What do platelets do once congregated around a wound?

initiate enzymatic reactions to produce protein threads of fibrin (form a patch)

When is the patch created by platelets removed?

after repair

• dissolved slowly to not get lodged in a vessel and cause heart attack/stroke

What type of circulation has lymph that leaks out, a slow circulatory pathway, no distinction between circulating or extracellular fluid, and hemolymph that is pumped through body cavity channels without the use of capillaries?

open circulation

Which circulatory system uses capillaries to lead away from the heart and plasma and some leukocytes that come out capillaries?

Closed Circulation

What is the plasma outside of the circulatory system called?

lymph

What is collected by the lymphatic system and empties back to the heart?

lymph

What circulation uses capillaries to transport blood and lymph?

closed

Fish have a _____ circulatory system

closed

What type of animals evolved large complex hearts and complex circulatory systems?

Vertebrates

As a result of circulatory system evolution, vertebrates have…

produced increased adaptation, species diversification and larger sizes

Describe the action of the two pumping chambers in fish

blood leaving the heart first goes to gills, unloads CO2 and receives O2 via countercurrent exchange system in gill filaments, blood travels to heart with uploaded Oxygen

Where is blood pressure low in the fish circulatory system?

past the gills

• no pulmonary circuit

What parts of the fish heart make up the two chambers of the heart?

Atrium, sinus venosus, ventricle, conus arteriosus

What animals have a heart for terrestrial and aquatic environment?

Amphibians

trace evolution of circulatory systems

fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds

Which animals were first to have a second pumping system for lungs?

amphibians

In amphibians how is blood pumped?

by the heart

What are the pulmonary arteries in amphibians?

arteries that transport blood back to the heart

What are the pulmonary veins in amphibians?

veins that transport blood back to the heart and is ready to be circulated

Amphibians have a ____ chambered heart

three

Amphibians have ___ atria and ___ ventricle

2, 1

Atria are structures in the heart that…

receive blood

Ventricles are structures in the heart that…

pump blood away from the heart

What is incomplete in amphibians?

separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation

What has a higher potential in amphibians?

mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in ventricles due to less separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation

What is the process of pulmonary circulation moving blood from the heart to lungs and systemic circulatory system moving blood from heart to the body?

Double Circulation

What structure is present in reptiles, but not amphibians, to rectify issue of mixing in ventricles

Septum

What is the role of the septum?

partially or completely subdivides the ventricles, separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Why is mixing more likely in amphibians?

There is only one ventricle

What animals have a double circulatory system, a 4 chambered heart, efficient circulation for endothermy, and higher metabolism?

Mammals

What part of the heart delivers deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart?

Superior Vena Cava

Where does the right atrium transfer deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava?

right ventricle

Where does the right ventricle transfer blood from the right atrium?

pulmonary arteries to be re-oxygenated in the lungs

Where does the pulmonary artery transfer blood?

lungs

What part of the heart do the lungs send oxygenated blood?

pulmonary veins

The pulmonary veins transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the…

left atrium

The left ventricle transfers oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the aorta to be sent to…

the body

The atria fill and contract at…

the same time

• then blood transfers to ventricles

What is the pulse that is conducted through a series of specialized cardiac tissue that receives impulse from Autonomic Nervous System?

Heart Contraction

What process is capable of producing and conducting cardiac impulses?

Heart Contraction

What is the process of a signal traveling to surrounding atrial tissue, and causing a beat by stimulating the AV node?

Sinoatrial Node Impulse

What is the order of the cardiac cycle?

SA Node impulse, atria beat, Atrioventricular node impulse, Perkinje fibers conduct signal through the septum, Ventricles Beat

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

It is connected to the top of the Purkinje fibers

What happens if the SA node is not functioning properly?

heart rhythms can become too fast or slow

What happens when tissues are cut off from blood supply by a clot?

rhythms can become dysfunctional

What is blood pressure measuring?

force of ventricles contracting

What is hypertension?

systolic or diastolic pressure is above normal

• high blood pressure

What is the highest contraction/blood pressure called?

Systolic Pressure

What is the lowest pressure of the blood called?

diastolic

What vessels carry blood from the heart?

Arteries

Arteries mainly carry what kind of blood?

oxygenated

What arteries carry de-oxygenated blood?

pulmonary artery

What vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart?

pulmonary artery

What vessels contain oxygen, nutrients, and wastes and are regrouped into venules?

capillaries

Arteries branch into..

arterioles

what do capillaries originate from?

arterioles

What vessels rejoin into veins that lead to the heart?

venules

What do venules originate from?

capillaries

Which vessel has a thicker elastic later for stretching and maintaining a high pressure?

Artery

What layer of circulatory tissue can get tougher with build up and increasing blood pressure?

endothelium

What layer, if something is lodged in a small artery of the brain, can cause a stroke?

endothelium

List from innermost to outermost, the layers within blood vessel tissue

Endothelium, elastic layer, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

Which vessels have a structure for lower blood pressure and a thinner elastic layer?

Veins

Which blood vessels have a very small diameter that requires blood cells to travel one at a time?

capillary

Which blood vessels are used to exchange materials between the blood and cells of the body, allowing plasma to leave blood and carry materials?

capillaries

What is lymph?

plasma that leaves the blood to carry materials to the body cells

Which blood vessels carry Oxygen, nutrients, Carbon Dioxide, and wastes (to return to veins) ?

Capillaries

Which blood vessels regulate heat exchange via vasoconstriction and dilation?

Capillaries

What cells in capillaries provide the lining?

endothelial

Vasoconstriction is a response to…

cold

Vasodilation is a response to…

heat

Veins are not as sufficient with involuntary movement because they have les…

smooth muscle

What feature is not enough to return blood to the heart from the veins?

blood pressure

What is the process of skeletal muscles contracting, to squeeze veins and allowing blood to move, opening/closing valves in response and pushing blood to the heart?

Venous Pump One-Way Valves

Do larger molecules like plasma proteins remain in the capillaries?

yes, to make greater concentration of protein in plasma relative to interstitial fluid

True or False: all plasma returns to the capillaries

False

Where does excess lymph go?

lymphatic capillaries that merge into larger vessels system

• filtered and returned to circulatory

What is systemic circulation?

blood continues through the rest of the body before arriving back tot he atrium

• unidirectional

What is pulmonary circulation?

circulation through the heart to the lungs and back

What animal types have double circulation?

mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles