prakticen

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences from a small sample of biological material.

Denaturation

The first step in PCR where the double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.

Electrophoresis

A method used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric field to a gel.

Ethidium bromide

A fluorescent intercalating agent used to visualize DNA in electrophoresis when exposed to ultraviolet light.

Restriction enzymes

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in molecular biology for cloning and analysis.

Affinity chromatography

A method for purifying proteins based on their specific binding interactions with immobilized ligands.

Fluorimeter

An instrument used to measure the fluorescence of a sample, such as DNA stained with ethidium bromide.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.

Primer

A short sequence of nucleotides that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis in PCR.

Single-stranded DNA vs. Double-stranded DNA

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is more easily absorbed than double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in spectrophotometry.

Melting temperature (Tm)

The temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the double-helix state and half are in the single-strand state.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

The RNA molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

SDS-PAGE

A technique for separating proteins based on their electrophoretic mobility, commonly used in biochemistry.

Gel filtration

A method for separating proteins by size using porous beads in a column.

DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

PCR product (amplicon)

The DNA fragment generated by PCR amplification.

RNA extraction

The process of isolating RNA from biological samples for analysis.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Translation

The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the information from mRNA.

Translational initiation

The first step in translation where the ribosome assembles around the mRNA to begin protein synthesis.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid in protein synthesis.