heimler topic 2.5Demographic Transition Model and Epidemiological Transition Model

Flashcards covering the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) and the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM) as explanations for population changes over time.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that argues that changing birth rates and death rates can be explained by a country's level of development from agrarian to industrial over time.

Stage 1 of DTM: High Stationary Stage

Pre-industrial society where birth rate and death rate are high, resulting in a stable population. Life is organized around farming.

Stage 2 of DTM: Early Expanding Stage

Corresponds to the beginnings of industrialization where birth rate remains high, but the death rate drops due to new medical technology and better food access leading to a population explosion.

Stage 3 of DTM: Late Expanding Stage

Characterized by continuing industrialization and growing economic prosperity, birth rates decline rapidly, but population grows slowly since there are still more births than deaths.

Stage 4 of DTM: Low Stationary Stage

Country is completely industrialized; birth rates and death rates are close to each other, leading to slow growth or stabilization. Main concerns are aging populations.

Stage 5 of DTM: Natural Decrease Stage

Death rate exceeds the birth rate, and so the rate of natural increase begins to decline leading to declining populations.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Explains demographic transition through the lens of disease and the death rate.

Stage 1 of ETM: Famine Stage

High death rate from infectious diseases and poor nutrition; life expectancy is low, and population growth is in small bursts.

Stage 2 of ETM: Receding Pandemic Stage

Life expectancy increases significantly due to better sanitation, expanded access to nutritious foods, and new medicines. Main causes of death are pandemics.

Stage 3 of ETM: Degenerative and Human-Created Disease Stage

Life expectancy increases even more. Main causes of death are diseases of old age like heart disease and cancer.

Stage 4 of ETM: Delayed Degenerative Disease Stage

Life expectancy is at its highest because of effective medical interventions for diseases from the third stage.

Stage 5 of ETM: Reemergence of Infectious Disease Stage

Infectious diseases reemerge and become deadly once again because they have developed immunity to drugs and antibiotics leading to life expectancy decrease.