Sperm Motility and Morphology (not done)

What are artificial vaginas used in?

Stallion and trained bull

What is a manual stimulation into a receptacle used for to collect semen?

Dog and boar

What is electroejaculation used in?

Bull

Billy/Ram

Wildlife

What is very good sperm rating?

Rapid swirling of 70% of them

What is good sperm motility?

Slower swirling and motility in 50-69%

Why do we use warm slides, stains, and cover slips to evaluate semen?

Cold shock will decrease motility very fast

Why do we not use latex gloves when evaluating semen?

It is spermicidal so use nitrile

What magnification do you need to evaluate sperm motility?

400

What is more important when evaluating sperm (motility/morphology)?

Morphology

Describe what a specific defect in sperm means?

It links it to a specific TIME of the insult, not to a specific insult

What are some inherited sperm abnormalities?

Knobbed defect, dag defect, tail stump defect, azoospermia/oligospermia, decapitated defect, rolled head / nuclear crest / giant head syndrome

T/F a patient with a knobbed defect is infertile 100% of the time?

False, the defect is only grossly visible at random parts of time

In 1 sample that has a visible genetic defect, how many of the sperm are abnormal?

Around 90%

How should you document inherited sperm abnormalities when you see them?

Take a picture so you have proof it was present at one point

What are primary abnormalities in sperm?

Arise during spermiogenesis in the seminiferous tubules due to pathological processes in seminiferous epithelium

What are secondary abnormalities in sperm?

Arise after the sperm cells had left the testis such abnormal epididymal function

What are major sperm abnormalities?

Have been correlated to impaired fertility

What are minor sperm abnormalities?

Minor importance defect

When are compensable and uncompensable abnormalities applicable?

AI

What are compensable abnormalities?

Defects that cause the sperm to fail to reach and fertilize the ovum

How can you fix a compensable abnormality?

Only applies to AI, but increase the dose of sperm

What is an uncompensable abnormality?

Defect in AI where sperm can reach the embryo, but there cannot be proper development

What happens if you increase the dose of an uncompensable abnormality?

Same amount of fertility

Defect in C?

Compensable

Defect in D?

Non-compensable

What are transitory abnormalities?

Defects caused by temporary insults to sertoly, leydig, or epididymal cells

What are permanent abnormalities?

Defects due to permanent epididymal damage, chronic disease, or genetic defects

T/F defects on the permanent list can be transient and defects on the transient list can be permanent?

True, best way to differentiate is repeated evaluation of sperm

What do red cells on a Eosin-Nigrosin Stain mean?

Dead

Abnormality and significance?

Minor secondary abnormality of distal midpiece reflex

Abnormality and significance?

Minor secondary abnormality of a coiled tail

What must species semen must be tested for brucellosis?

Small ruminants and canines

What species semen must be tested for Viral arteritis?

Equine

What species semen must be treated for trichomoniasis?

Bovine

What does pink or brown semen indicate?

Blood

What does yellow semen indicate?

Urine contamination or purulent exudate

Cytology of semen with diff-quick allows you to identify what?

white blood cells, red blood cells, epithelial cells, and bacteria

What are the limitations of a breeding soundness exam?

Only reflects the breeding soundness on the day tested

Sperm cells seen today were begun weeks ago

Does not predict ability to cause conception in the future

Many factors affecting fertility are not measured

Are you better at identifying highly fertile males or subfertile males?

Subfertile

What are the strengths of breeding soundness exams?

Guarantees sub-fertile males are not used for breeding and those genetics are removed from herd and breed so over time fertility increases

What is thermography?

Scans the scrotal surface temperature to see if it is a constant gradient of hot to cold

If thermography shows a elevated scrotal temperature what is the problem?

More abnormal sperm and fewer pregnancies

How can ultrasound help you determine breeding soundness?

Can evaluate or detect fibrosis if hard

Soft areas can be spermatoceles

What is CASA?

Software program that uses video capture to help determine motility

How can motility characteristics be altered during CASA?

Dilution of semen

Image settings

Semen viscosity and ionic composition

Temperature extremes

T/F % of live sperm means an increased fertility?

False

What motility do you want with frozen semen?

>50% motility

When do you evaluate frozen semen?

At thaw and 2 hours post thaw

While using AI, there are fewer sperm cells and many are damaged due to freezing. How do we get the females pregnant anyway?

Deposit the semen in the uterus instead of the vagina

T/F evaluation of sperm quality has reached its goal of accurately predicting fertility?

False